Editing Dionysus (section)

===Orphism===
[[File:Satyr Bacchus Petit Palais ADUT00240.jpg|thumb|right|[[Satyr]] giving a [[grapevine]] to Bacchus as a child; [[cameo glass]], first half of the first century AD; from Italy]]
In the [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] tradition, the "first Dionysus" was the son of [[Zeus]] and [[Persephone]], and was dismembered by the [[Titans]] before being reborn.<ref>Gantz, p. 118; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35 p. 35]; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456.</ref> Dionysus was the patron god of the Orphics, who they connected to death and immortality, and he symbolized the one who guides the process of [[reincarnation]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Norman C.|last=McClelland|title=Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC |year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8|pages=76–77}}</ref>

This Orphic Dionysus is sometimes referred to with the alternate name [[Zagreus]] ({{langx|grc|Ζαγρεύς}}). The earliest mentions of this name in literature describe him as a partner of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and call him the highest god. [[Aeschylus]] linked Zagreus with Hades, as either Hades' son or Hades himself.<ref>Sommerstein, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.237.xml?result=1&rskey=f0foz8 p. 237 n. 1]; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, [https://archive.org/stream/aeschyluswitheng02aescuoft#page/458/mode/2up p. 459].</ref> Noting "Hades' identity as Zeus' ''katachthonios'' alter ego", [[Timothy Gantz]] thought it likely that Zagreus, originally, perhaps, the son of Hades and Persephone, later merged with the Orphic Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone.<ref>Gantz, p. 118.</ref> However, no known Orphic sources use the name "Zagreus" to refer to the Orphic Dionysus. It is possible that the association between the two was known by the third century BC, when the poet [[Callimachus]] may have written about it in a now-lost source.<ref>Gantz, pp. 118–119; West 1983, pp. 152–154; Linforth, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=335 pp. 309–311].</ref> Callimachus, as well as his contemporary [[Euphorion of Chalcis|Euphorion]], told the story of the dismemberment of the infant Dionysus,<ref>[[Callimachus]], fr. 643 Pfeiffer (= [[Euphorion of Chalcis|Euphorion]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euphorion_chalcis-poetic_fragments/2010/pb_LCL508.227.xml fr. 14 Lightfoot]); Gantz, p. 118–119; West 1983, p. 151; Linforth, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=335 pp. 309–310].</ref> and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] sources quote Callimachus as referring to the birth of a "Dionysos Zagreus", explaining that Zagreus was the poets' name for the ''[[chthonic]]'' aspect of Dionysus.<ref>[[Callimachus]], fr. 43.117 Pfeiffer (= [https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YdwJJatoAC&pg=PA190 fr. 43b.34 Harder]); Harder, p. 368; Gantz, p. 118; West 1983, pp. 152–153; Linforth, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=336 p. 310].</ref> The earliest definitive reference to the belief that Zagreus is another name for the Orphic Dionysus is found in the late first century writings of [[Plutarch]].<ref>Linforth, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=337 311], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=343 317–318]; [[Plutarch]], ''The E at Delphi'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_e_delphi/1936/pb_LCL306.223.xml?rskey=IgdtC4&result=1&mainRsKey=ndQO1U 389 A].</ref> The fifth century Greek poet [[Nonnus]]' ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' tells the story of this Orphic Dionysus, in which Nonnus calls him the "older Dionysos &nbsp;... illfated Zagreus",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/208/mode/2up 5.564–565].</ref> "Zagreus the horned baby",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/224/mode/2up 6.165].</ref> "Zagreus, the first Dionysos",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/348/mode/2up 10.294].</ref> "Zagreus the ancient Dionysos",<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/128/mode/2up 39.72].</ref> and "Dionysos Zagreus".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/314/mode/2up 44.255].</ref>