Editing Digital media (section)

===Copyright challenges===
{{See also|Open data|Open access|Open source}}

Digital media<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ann Marie|last=Sullivan|title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past|volume=15|issue=3|journal=J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L.|pages=604–646|year=2016|url=https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl|access-date=2018-04-30|archive-date=2020-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl|url-status=live}}</ref> encompasses numerical networks of interactive systems that link databases, allowing users to navigate from one bit of content or webpage to another. Because of this ease, digital media poses several challenges to the current [[copyright]] and [[intellectual property]] laws.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright: an overview|url=http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/copyright-an-overview|publisher=Jisc Digital Media|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327104300/http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/copyright-an-overview|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ease of creating, modifying, and sharing digital media can influence copyright enforcement challenging and many copyright laws are widely seen as outdated.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|title=Outdated copyright laws hinder growth says Government|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8519420/Outdated-copyright-laws-hinder-growth-says-Government.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8519420/Outdated-copyright-laws-hinder-growth-says-Government.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 May 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brunet|first=Maël|title=Outdated copyright laws must adapt to the new digital age|url=http://www.policyreview.eu/outdated-copyright-laws-must-adapt-to-the-new-digital-age/|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=Policy Review|date=March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219023349/http://www.policyreview.eu/outdated-copyright-laws-must-adapt-to-the-new-digital-age/|archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Under current copyright law, common [[Internet meme]]s are generally illegal to share in many countries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kloc|first=Joe|title=Outdated copyright law makes memes illegal in Australia|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/australia-copyright-memes-illegal/|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=Daily Dot|date=12 November 2013|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209130741/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/australia-copyright-memes-illegal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Legal rights can be unclear for many common Internet activities. These include posting pictures from someone else's social media account, writing [[fanfiction]], or covering and/or using popular songs in content such as YouTube videos. During the last decade, the concepts of fair use and copyright have been applied to different types of online media.

Copyright challenges are spreading to all parts of digital media. Content creators on platforms such as YouTube follow guidelines set by copyright, IP laws, and the platform's copyright requirements. If these guidelines are not followed, the content may get demonetized, deleted, or sued.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2019-04-05|title=The golden age of YouTube is over|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/5/18287318/youtube-logan-paul-pewdiepie-demonetization-adpocalypse-premium-influencers-creators|access-date=2020-04-27|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523165559/https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/5/18287318/youtube-logan-paul-pewdiepie-demonetization-adpocalypse-premium-influencers-creators|url-status=live}}</ref> The situation can also occur when creators accidentally use audio tracks or background scenes that are under copyright.<ref name=":1" /> To avoid or resolve some of these issues, content creators can voluntarily adopt [[Open license|open]], or [[copyleft]] licenses or they can release their work to the [[public domain]]. By doing this, creators are giving up certain legal rights regarding their content. [[Fair use]] is a doctrine of the [[US Copyright Law]] that allows limited use of copyrighted materials without the need to obtain permission. There are four factors that make up fair use. The first, Purpose, refers to what the content is being used for. The second factor is what copyrighted content is being used. If the content is non-fiction, it is more likely to fall under fair use than if the content is fiction. The third factor is how much of the copyrighted content is in use. Small amounts of copyrighted content are more likely to be considered fair. The last factor is, whether the use of copyrighted content earns money or affect the value of the content.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fair Use {{!}} Digital Media Law Project|url=http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/fair-use|access-date=2021-11-01|website=www.dmlp.org|archive-date=2021-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007065617/http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/fair-use|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Wikipedia]] uses some of the most common open licenses, [[Creative Commons]] licenses, and the [[GNU Free Documentation License]]. Open licenses are one aspect of a broad [[open content]] movement that advocates for the reduction or removal of copyright restrictions from software, data, and other digital media.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trotter|first=Andrew|date=17 October 2008|title=The open-content movement|newspaper=Digital Directions|url=http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2008/10/20/02wiki.h02.html|access-date=30 March 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407045326/http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2008/10/20/02wiki.h02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To facilitate the collection and consumption of such licensing information and availability status, tools like the [[Creative Commons]] Search engine are used mostly for web images, and [[Unpaywall]], or used for [[scholarly communication]].

Additional [[software]] has been developed to restrict access to digital media. [[Digital rights management]] (DRM) is used to lock material. This allows users to apply the media content to specific cases. DRM allows movie producers to rent at a lower price. This restricts the movie rental license length, rather than only selling the movie at full price. Additionally, DRM can prevent unauthorized modification or sharing of media. 
[[File:Youtube copyright claim.png|thumb|YouTube Copyright Claim Takedown]]
Digital media copyright protection technologies fall under intellectual property protection technology. This is because a series of computer technologies protect the digital content being created and transmitted.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last1=Chen|first1=Yixin|last2=Hu|first2=Xi|last3=Xiao|first3=Feng|title=Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems (DPTA 2019) |chapter=Digital Media Copyright Protection Technology in the Age of All Media |date=2020|editor-last=Huang|editor-first=Chuanchao|editor2-last=Chan|editor2-first=Yu-Wei|editor3-last=Yen|editor3-first=Neil|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-1468-5_99|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|volume=1088|language=en|location=Singapore|publisher=Springer|pages=843–850|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1468-5_99|isbn=978-981-15-1468-5|s2cid=211080740|access-date=2021-11-21|archive-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407015618/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-1468-5_99|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]]'' (DMCA) provides safety to intermediaries that host user content, such as YouTube, from being held liable for copyright infringement so long as they meet all required conditions. The most notable of which is the "[[notice and take down]]" policy.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Kaye|first1=D. Bondy Valdovinos|last2=Gray|first2=Joanne E.|date=2021-07-01|title=Copyright Gossip: Exploring Copyright Opinions, Theories, and Strategies on YouTube|journal=Social Media + Society|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=20563051211036940|doi=10.1177/20563051211036940|s2cid=238732750|issn=2056-3051|doi-access=free}}</ref> The policy requires online intermediaries to remove and/or disable access to the content in question when there are court orders and/or allegations of illegal use of the content on their site. As a result, YouTube has and continues to develop more policies and standards that go far past what the DMCA requires. YouTube has also created an algorithm which continuously scans their cite to make sure all content follows all policies.<ref name=":03" />

One digital media platform known to have copyright concerns is the short video-sharing app [[TikTok]]. TikTok is a social media app that allows users to share short videos up to one minute in length, using a variety of visual effects and audio.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herrman |first1=John |title=How TikTok Is Rewriting The World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/style/what-is-tik-tok.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 March 2019 |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310143718/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/style/what-is-tik-tok.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  According to [[Loyola University Chicago School of Law|Loyola University]]'s Chicago School of Law, around 50% of the music used on TikTok is unlicensed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bayley |first1=Lydia |title=TikTok: A Copyright Time Bomb |url=http://blogs.luc.edu/ipbytes/2021/03/29/tiktok-a-copyright-time-bomb/ |website=luc.edu |date=29 March 2021 |publisher=Loyola University's Chicago School of Law |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017172103/http://blogs.luc.edu/ipbytes/2021/03/29/tiktok-a-copyright-time-bomb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> TikTok has several music licensing agreements with various artists and labels, creating a library of fair and legal use of music.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardoce |first1=Rowan |title=The Legal Side Of TikTok: Music, Copyright and Ownership |url=https://sprintlaw.com.au/tiktok-copyright-issues/ |website=sprintlaw.com.au |date=12 August 2021 |publisher=Sprint Law |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017172103/https://sprintlaw.com.au/tiktok-copyright-issues/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this does not cover all content for its users. A user could still commit a copyright violation on TikTok. One example is, accidentally having music playing on a stereo in the background or recording a laptop screen playing a song.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gleason |first1=Ann Potter |title=Copyright Owners' Love/Hate Relationship With TikTok and Instagram Raises Legal Issues |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/copyright-owners-lovehate-relationship-tiktok-and-instagram-raises-legal-issues |website=natlawreview.com |publisher=National Law Review |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017172112/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/copyright-owners-lovehate-relationship-tiktok-and-instagram-raises-legal-issues |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Online magazine]]s or digital magazines are one of the largest targets for copyright issues. According to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations]] report from March 2011, the definition of this medium is when a digital magazine involves the distribution of magazine content by electronic means; it may be a replica.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite conference|last1=Santos Silva|first1=Dora|conference=ELPUB - 16th International Conference on Electronic Publishing|book-title=Social Shaping of Digital Publishing: Exploring the Interplay Between Culture and Technology|editor-last=Baptista|editor-first=A.A.|date=June 14{{ndash}}15, 2012|location=Guimarães, Portugal|url=http://elpub.scix.net/data/works/att/109_elpub2012.content.pdf|title=The Future of Digital Magazine Publishing|access-date=21 November 2014|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133735/http://elpub.scix.net/data/works/att/109_elpub2012.content.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This definition can be considered outdated now that PDF replicas of print magazines are no longer common practice. These days digital magazines refer to magazines specifically created to be interactive digital platforms such as the internet, mobile phones, private networks, iPad, or other devices.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The barriers to digital magazine distribution are thus decreasing. However, these platforms are also broadening the scope of where digital magazines can be published;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Ryan|title=Are Digital Magazines Dead|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/are-digital-magazines-dead/|website=WWW.wired.com|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204094417/http://www.wired.com/2014/10/are-digital-magazines-dead/|url-status=live}}</ref> smartphones are an example. Thanks to the improvements in tablets and other personal electronic devices, [[digital magazines]] have become much more readable and enticing through the use of graphic art.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pavlik|first1=John|last2=Mclntosh|first2=Shawn|title=Converging Media|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934230-3|page=89|edition=fourth|year=2014}}</ref> The evolution of online magazines began to focus on becoming more of a social media and entertainment platform.

[[Online piracy]] has become one of the larger issues that have occurred concerning digital media copyright. The [[Online piracy|piracy]] of digital media, such as film and television, directly impacts the copyright party (the owner of the copyright). This action can impact the "health" of the digital media industry. Piracy directly breaks the laws and morals of copyright.<ref name=":13" /> Along with piracy, digital media has contributed to the ability to spread false information or [[fake news]]. Due to the widespread use of digital media, fake news can receive more notoriety. This notoriety enhances the negative effects fake news creates. As a result, people's health and well-being can directly be affected.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Oliveira|first1=Danilo Vicente Batista|last2=Albuquerque|first2=Ulysses Paulino|date=2021-08-28|title=Cultural Evolution and Digital Media: Diffusion of Fake News About COVID-19 on Twitter|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00836-w|journal=SN Computer Science|language=en|volume=2|issue=6|pages=430|doi=10.1007/s42979-021-00836-w|issn=2661-8907|pmc=8397611|pmid=34485922}}</ref>