Editing Dictatorship (section)

==== Europe ====
{{See also|European interwar dictatorships}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16196, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|The [[Nuremberg rallies]] celebrated [[fascism]] and the rule of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Citation |last=Orlow |first=Dietrich |title=Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934–May 1936 |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617926_4 |work=The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 |page=62 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230617926_4 |isbn=978-0-230-61792-6 |access-date=2022-12-19}}</ref>]]
In the time between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by [[Far-left politics|far-left]] and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] movements.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|p=1}} The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|p=5}} The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to the instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including [[cult of personality]], [[concentration camps]], [[forced labour]], [[mass murder]], and [[genocide]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Besier |first1=Gerhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmMxBwAAQBAJ |title=European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century |last2=Stokłosa |first2=Katarzyna |date=2014-01-03 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5521-1 |pages=1–4 |language=en}}</ref>

The first [[communist state]] was created by [[Vladimir Lenin]] and the [[Bolsheviks]] with the establishment of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] during the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917. The government was described as a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] in which power was exercised by [[Soviet (council)|soviets]].{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=34–36}} The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the [[Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=48–50}} Lenin was followed by [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|p=55}}{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=59–60}} The Russian Revolution inspired a [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|wave of left-wing revolutionary movements]] in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnLI8ooHHPgC |title=Neutral Europe Between War and Revolution, 1917-23 |date=1988 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-1153-3 |editor-last=Schmitt |editor-first=Hans A. |pages=238 |language=en |chapter=Crisis, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1917–23}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-11500-0497, Berlin, Karl-Marx-Allee, Denkmal Stalin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin|Statue of Stalin]] in [[East Berlin]], 1951. It was removed in 1961 as part of [[de-Stalinization]].]]
At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. These movements were a response to what they perceived as [[decadence]] and [[societal decay]] due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by [[liberalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuentes Codera |first=Maximiliano |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0 |title=Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-22411-0 |editor-last=Saz |editor-first=Ismael |pages=67–68 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0 |s2cid=214435541 |editor-last2=Box |editor-first2=Zira |editor-last3=Morant |editor-first3=Toni |editor-last4=Sanz |editor-first4=Julián}}</ref> [[Fascism]] developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, [[socialism]], and [[modernism]], and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Grand |first=Alexander J. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203320761/fascist-italy-nazi-germany-alexander-de-grand |title=Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The 'Fascist' Style of Rule |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=9780203320761 |pages=11 |doi=10.4324/9780203320761}}</ref> Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=114–115}} These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, [[expansionism]], [[corporatism]], and [[anti-communism]].{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=122–124}} Several right-wing dictatorships also emerged in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Baltic states]] during the interwar period.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=333–342}}

[[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=178–179}} obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|pp=186–188}} Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model.<ref name=":10" /> During World War II, Italy and Germany [[German-occupied Europe|occupied]] several countries in Europe, imposing fascist [[puppet state]]s upon many of the countries that they invaded.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gildea |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcSvAwAAQBAJ |title=Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe |last2=Wieviorka |first2=Olivier |last3=Warring |first3=Anette |date=2006-06-01 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84788-224-0 |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref> After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] and [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the [[Western Bloc]].<ref name=":10" />