Editing Diaspora (section)

==20th century==
[[File:Vertreibung.jpg|thumb|[[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia]] following the end of World War II]]

The 20th century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas formed as a consequence of political developments, such as the end of [[colonialism]].

===World War II, colonialism, and post-colonialism===
As [[World War II]] (1939–1945) unfolded, [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] authorities [[The Holocaust|deported and killed millions of Jews]]; they also [[Holocaust victims|enslaved or murdered millions of other people]], including [[Romani people|Romani]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], and other [[Slavs]]. Some Jews fled from the persecution and moved to the unoccupied parts of Western Europe or they moved to the Americas before the borders of the Americas were closed. Later, other [[Eastern Europe]]an refugees moved west, away from Soviet expansion<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kirmus.ee/baltic_archives_abroad_2006/participants.html |title=An International Conference on the Baltic Archives Abroad |publisher=Kirmus.ee |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120213140758/http://www.kirmus.ee/baltic_archives_abroad_2006/participants.html |archive-date=13 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2023}} and from the [[Iron Curtain]] regimes established as World War II ended. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and [[displaced person]]s ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States of America.

After World War II, the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communism|communist]]-controlled Poland, [[Czechoslovakia]], Hungary and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expelled millions]] of [[ethnic Germans]], most of them were the descendants of immigrants who had settled in those areas centuries ago. This expulsion was allegedly carried out in reaction to Nazi Germany's invasions and [[Pan-Germanism|pan-German]] attempts to annex Eastern European territory.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Most of the refugees moved to the West, including western Europe, and with tens of thousands seeking refuge in the United States.

[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]
The [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]] was the post-[[World War II]] exodus and departure of local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) as well as ethnic [[Slovenes]], [[Croats]], and [[Istro-Romanians]] from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] territory of [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], the [[Julian March]] as well as [[Dalmatia]], towards [[Italy]], and in smaller numbers, towards the [[Americas]], [[Australia]], and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/giorno-ricordo-10-febbraio-2004-2014-dieci-anni-strage-foibe-eccidio-tito-comunisti-slavi-esodo-giuliano-dalmata-77ba65a1-a1e5-460e-bb57-946819b4b905.html|title=Il Giorno del Ricordo|date=10 February 2014 |access-date=16 October 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/lesodo-giuliano-dalmata-e-quegli-italiani-fuga-che-nacquero-1639585.html|title=L'esodo giuliano-dalmata e quegli italiani in fuga che nacquero due volte|date=5 February 2019 |access-date=24 January 2023|language=it}}</ref> These regions were ethnically mixed, with long-established historic Croatian, Italian, and Slovene communities. According to various sources, the exodus is estimated to have amounted to between 230,000 and 350,000 Italians (the others being ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians, who chose to maintain [[Italian citizenship]])<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url= http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> leaving the areas in the aftermath of the conflict.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11 |title=Istria |page=11 |first1=Thammy |last1=Evans |first2=Rudolf |last2=Abraham |date=2013 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841624457}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste |first=James M. |last=Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Hundreds or perhaps tens of thousands of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) were killed or summarily executed during [[World War II]] by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] and [[OZNA]] during the first years of the exodus, in what became known as the [[Foibe massacres|''foibe'' massacres]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Ota |editor1-last=Konrád |editor2-first=Boris |editor2-last=Barth |editor3-first=Jaromír |editor3-last=Mrňka |title=Collective Identities and Post-war Violence in Europe, 1944–48 |publisher=Springer International |date=2021 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xXRREAAAQBAJ&dq=foibe+massacres+istrian+dalmatian+italians&pg=PA20 |isbn=9783030783860 |page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Donald |last1=Bloxham |author1-link=Donald Bloxham |first2=Anthony |last2=Dirk Moses |author2-link=A. Dirk Moses |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-last=Bloxham |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Gerwarth |title=Political Violence in Twentieth-century Europe |chapter=Genocide and ethnic cleansing |page=125 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511793271.004 |isbn=9781107005037}}</ref> From 1947, after the war, Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were subject by Yugoslav authorities to less violent forms of intimidation, such as nationalization, expropriation, and discriminatory taxation,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JHnEI2m5tFIC&pg=PA309 |title=Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation|page=295 |first=Pamela |last=Ballinger |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822392361 |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> which gave them little option other than emigration.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ia-qdCeUaXIC&pg=PA136 |title=Ethnic Cleansing and the European Union |page=136 |isbn=9781137308771 |last=Tesser |first=Lynn |date=14 May 2013|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA103 |title=History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans |page=103 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691086974 |last1=Ballinger|first1=Pamela |date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133 |title=Refugees in the Age of Total War |pages=139, 143 |first=Anna C. |last=Bramwell |date=1988 |publisher=Unwin Hyman |isbn=9780044451945}}</ref> In 1953, there were 36,000 declared Italians in Yugoslavia, just about 16% of the original Italian population before World War II.<ref>{{cite web |first=Matjaž |last=Klemenčič |title=The Effects of the Dissolution of Yugoslavia on Minority Rights: the Italian Minority in Post-Yugoslav Slovenia and Croatia |url= http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111950/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> According to the census organized in [[Croatia]] in 2001 and that organized in [[Slovenia]] in 2002, the Italians who remained in the former [[Yugoslavia]] amounted to 21,894 people (2,258 [[Italian language in Slovenia|in Slovenia]] and 19,636 [[Italians of Croatia|in Croatia]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html|title=Državni Zavod za Statistiku|language=hr|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stat.si/Popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7|title=Popis 2002|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

Spain sent many political activists into exile during the rule of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s military regime from 1936 until his death in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meyers|first=Kayla|title=What exhuming Francisco Franco's remains could mean for Spain|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/10/25/what-exhuming-francisco-francos-remains-could-mean-spain/}}</ref>

Prior to World War II and the re-establishment of Israel in 1948, a series of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s broke out in the [[Arab world]] and caused many to flee, mostly to Palestine/Israel. The [[1947–1949 Palestine war]] likewise saw at least 750,000 [[Palestinians]] expelled or forced to flee from the newly forming Israel.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090240955 |title=Social Justice and Israel/Palestine: Foundational and Contemporary Debates |editor1-first=Hahn Tapper |editor1-last=Aaron J. |editor2-last=Sucharov |editor2-first=Mira |date=24 June 2019 |isbn=9781487588069 |location=Toronto |oclc=1090240955}}</ref> Many Palestinians continue to live in refugee camps in the Middle East, while others have resettled in other countries.

The [[Partition of India|1947 Partition]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] resulted in the migration of millions of people between India, Pakistan, and present-day Bangladesh. Many were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sikand |first1=Yoginder |title=Muslims in India Since 1947 |date=31 July 2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London and New York |isbn=9781134378258 |page=5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5aJi2loLcC |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> Thousands of former subjects of the [[British Raj]] went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

From the late 19th century, and formally from 1910, Japan made [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea a Japanese colony]]. Millions of Chinese fled to western provinces not occupied by Japan (that is, in particular, [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]] in the Southwest and [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]] in the Northwest) and to Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} More than 100,000 [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]] moved across the [[Amur River]] into the [[Russian Far East]] (and later into the Soviet Union) away from the Japanese.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Chong Jin|title=Diaspora nationalism: The case of ethnic Korea minority in Kazakhstan and its lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey|journal=Nationalities Papers|volume=34|issue=2|pages=111–129|doi=10.1080/00905990600617623 |date=2006 |s2cid=128636139}}</ref>

===The Cold War and the formation of post-colonial states===
[[File:35 Vietnamese boat people 2.JPEG|thumb|Vietnamese "[[boat people]]" awaiting rescue.]]
Both during and after the [[Cold War]]-era, huge populations of refugees migrated from countries which experienced conflicts, especially from then-[[developing countries]]. Upheavals in the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]], some of which were related to power struggles between the United States and the [[Soviet Union]], produced new refugee populations that developed into global diasporas.

* In [[Southeast Asia]], many [[Vietnamese people]] emigrated to France and later millions of other Vietnamese people migrated to the United States, Australia and Canada after the Cold War-related [[Vietnam War]] of 1955–1975. Later, 30,000 French ''colons'' from Cambodia were displaced after they were expelled by the 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime under [[Pol Pot]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} A small, predominantly Muslim ethnic group, the [[Cham (Asia)|Cham people]], long residing in Cambodia, were nearly eradicated.<ref>Compare: {{cite book |last1=Kissi |first1=Edward |chapter=Genocide in Cambodia and Ethiopia |editor1-last=Gellately |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Gellately |editor2-last=Kiernan |editor2-first=Ben |editor2-link=Ben Kiernan |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |page=314 |isbn=9780521527507 |access-date=28 June 2020 |quote=About 100,000 of an estimated Cham population of 250,000, at the time of the revolution in 1975, had perished by the time the Khmer Rouge regime was overthrown by Vietnam in January 1979}}</ref> The mass exodus of Vietnamese people from Vietnam from 1975 onwards led to the popularisation of the term "[[boat people]]".<ref>{{oed |boat people}}&nbsp;– "2. Refugees who have left a country by sea, esp. the Vietnamese people who fled in small boats and moved to Hong Kong, Australia, and elsewhere after the conquest of [[South Vietnam]] by [[North Vietnam]] in 1975."</ref>
* In [[Southwestern China]], many [[Tibetan people]] emigrated to India, following the [[14th Dalai Lama]] after the failure of his [[1959 Tibetan uprising]]. This wave lasted until the 1960s, and another wave followed when Tibet opened up to trade and tourism in the 1980s. It is estimated{{by whom|date=June 2020}} that about 200,000 Tibetans live now dispersed worldwide, half of them in India, Nepal and Bhutan. In lieu of lost citizenship papers, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] offers [[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]] identity documents to Tibetan refugees.
* [[File:Ganesh Paris 2004 DSC08471.JPG|thumb|right|Celebrations of [[Murugan]] by the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] community in [[Paris]], [[France]]]][[Sri Lankan Tamils]] have historically migrated to find work, notably, during the [[British Ceylon period|British colonial period]] (1796–1948). Since the beginning of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] in 1983, more than 800,000 Tamils have been displaced within Sri Lanka as a local diaspora, and over a half-million [[Tamils]] have emigrated as the [[Tamil diaspora]] to destinations such as India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK, and Europe.
* The [[Afghan diaspora]] resulted from the [[1979 invasion of Afghanistan]] by the former Soviet Union, resulting in the creation of the second-largest refugee population in the world {{as of|2018|lc=on}} (2.6&nbsp;million in 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG.OR?locations=AF&name_desc=false&view=map |title=Refugee population by country or territory of origin |website=Data.WorldBank.org |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref>
* Many [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] fled from the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]] which culminated in the fall of the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|USA/British-ensconced]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]].{{quantify|date=June 2020}}
* In [[Africa]], a new series of diasporas was formed after the end of colonial rule. In some cases, as countries became independent, numerous minority descendants of Europeans emigrated; others stayed. 
* [[Uganda]] expelled [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|80,000 South Asians in 1972]] and took over their businesses and properties. 
* The 1990–1994 [[Rwandan Civil War]] between rival social/ethnic groups ([[Hutu]] and [[Tutsi]]) turned deadly and produced a mass efflux of refugees.
* In [[Latin America]], following the 1959 [[Cuban Revolution]] and the introduction of [[communism]], over a million people have left Cuba.<ref>{{cite web |title=1959: The Cuban Revolution |work=Upfront: The Newsmagazine for Teens |publisher=Scholastic |url= http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f090108_Cuba}}</ref>
* A new [[Jamaican diaspora]] formed around the start of the 21st century. More than 1 million [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] live abroad, a majority living in the US.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nearly 20 Percent of All Dominicans Live Abroad |newspaper=Dominican Today |url= http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2011/6/14/39878/Nearly-20-of-all-Dominicans-live-abroad |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121208105951/http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2011/6/14/39878/Nearly-20-of-all-Dominicans-live-abroad |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref>
* A million Colombian refugees have left Colombia since 1965 to escape [[Colombian conflict|violence and civil wars]].
* Thousands of [[Argentine]] and Uruguay refugees fled to Europe during periods of [[military junta|military rule]] in the 1970s and 1980s.
* In [[Central America]], [[Nicaraguan Diaspora|Nicaraguans]], Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans have fled{{when|date=June 2020}} conflict and poor economic conditions.
* Hundreds of thousands of people fled from the [[Rwandan genocide]] in 1994 and moved into neighboring countries.
* Between 4 and 6 million have emigrated from Zimbabwe beginning in the 1990s especially since 2000, greatly increasing the [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] due to a protracted socioeconomic crisis, forming large communities in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and smaller communities in [[the United States]], New Zealand and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0L4Pk5G0NjMC&dq=new+zim+diaspora&pg=PA198 |isbn=9781845456580 |title=Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival |date=2010 |publisher=Berghahn Books}}</ref> The [[Congo Civil War (disambiguation)|long war]] in [[the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], in which numerous nations have been involved, has also result in millions of displaced refugees.
* A South Korean diaspora movement during the 1990s caused the homeland fertility rate to drop when a large amount of the middle class emigrated, as the rest of the population continued to age. To counteract the change in these demographics, the South Korean government initiated a diaspora-engagement policy in 1997.<ref>
{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=Changzoo |date=May 2014 |title=Engaging the diaspora in an era of transnationalism |url= https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/64/pdfs/engaging-the-diaspora-in-an-era-of-transnationalism.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180721100530/https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/64/pdfs/engaging-the-diaspora-in-an-era-of-transnationalism.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |journal=IZA World of Labor |pages=1–10 |access-date=28 June 2020 |quote=Since the 1990s, South Korea's population has been aging and its fertility rate has fallen. At the same time, the number of Koreans living abroad has risen considerably. These trends threaten to diminish South Korea's international and economic stature. To mitigate the negative effects of these new challenges, South Korea has begun to engage the seven million Koreans living abroad, transforming the diaspora into a positive force for long-term development.}}
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