Editing Demographics of Vietnam (section)

== Ethnic groups ==
{{See also|List of ethnic groups in Vietnam}}
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of Indochina 1970.jpg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Indochina, 1970. Note: map situation has now changed due to internal migration.]]
The Vietnamese government recognizes [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|54 ethnic groups]], of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 85.3% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining portion. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country).

The relation between China and Vietnam also declined following reunification in 1976, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the [[Sino-Soviet split|Chinese-Soviet split]]. Tensions peaked when [[Cambodian-Vietnamese War|Vietnam and Cambodia started a war]], Cambodia led by [[Pol Pot]] being a Chinese ally, resulting in a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|Chinese invasion of Vietnam]] in 1979. In 1978–79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. In recent years the government has performed an about turn and is encouraging overseas Hoa to return and invest, but the ethnic Chinese population has been in continuous decline since the 1970s due to assimilation and low birth rates.

The central highland peoples commonly termed [[Degar]] or Montagnards ([[mountain people]]) comprise two main ethnolinguistic groups – [[Malayo-Polynesian]] and [[Mon–Khmer]]. About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over the highland territory.

Other minority groups include the [[Cham people|Cham]]—remnants of the once-mighty [[Champa]] Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese in the 15th century, [[Hmong people|Hmong]], and [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
'''Population of Vietnam according to ethnic group 1989–2019'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! rowspan="2" | Language <br />family
! colspan="2" | census 1989<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm United Nations 1993 Demographic Yearbook ]</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 1999<ref>[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=1841 1999 Population and Housing Census Vietnam]</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 2009<ref>[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=10802 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census]</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 2019<ref name="Census2019">{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing|title=Report on Results of the 2019 Census |publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| [[Kinh]]
| [[Vietic]]
| align="right" | 56,101,583
| align="right" | 87.1
| align="right" | 65,795,748
| align="right" | 86.2
| align="right" | 73,594,427
| align="right" | 85.7
| align="right" | 82,085,826
| align="right" | 85.32
|-
| [[Tay people|Tày]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 1,145,235
| align="right" | 1.8
| align="right" | 1,477,514
| align="right" | 1.9
| align="right" | 1,626,392
| align="right" | 1.9
| align="right" | 1,845,492
| align="right" | 1.92
|-
| [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thai]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 992,809
| align="right" | 1.5
| align="right" | 1,328,725
| align="right" | 1.7
| align="right" | 1,550,423
| align="right" | 1.8
| align="right" | 1,820,950
| align="right" | 1.89
|-
| [[Muong people|Mường]]
| [[Vietic]]
| align="right" | 874,195
| align="right" | 1.4
| align="right" | 1,137,515
| align="right" | 1.5
| align="right" | 1,268,963
| align="right" | 1.5
| align="right" | 1,452,095
| align="right" | 1.51
|-
| [[Hmong people|Hmong]]
| [[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Dao]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 787,604
| align="right" | 1.0
| align="right" | 1,068,189
| align="right" | 1.2
| align="right" | 1,393,547
| align="right" | 1.45
|-
| [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 872,382
| align="right" | 1.4
| align="right" | 1,055,174
| align="right" | 1.4
| align="right" | 1,260,640
| align="right" | 1.5
| align="right" | 1,319,652
| align="right" | 1.37
|-
| [[Nùng people|Nùng]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 696,305
| align="right" | 1.1
| align="right" | 856,412
| align="right" | 1.1
| align="right" | 968,800
| align="right" | 1.1
| align="right" | 1,083,298
| align="right" | 1.13
|-
| [[Yao people|Dao]]
| [[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Dao]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 620,538
| align="right" | 0.81
| align="right" | 751,067
| align="right" | 0.87
| align="right" | 891,151
| align="right" | 0.93
|-
| [[Hoa people|Hoa]]
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| align="right" | 961,702
| align="right" | 1.5
| align="right" | 862,371
| align="right" | 1.1
| align="right" | 823,071
| align="right" | 1.0
| align="right" | 749,466
| align="right" | 0.78
|-
| [[Jarai people|Gia Rai]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 317,557
| align="right" | 0.42
| align="right" | 411,275
| align="right" | 0.48
| align="right" | 513,930
| align="right" | 0.53
|-
| [[E De people|Ê Đê]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 270,348
| align="right" | 0.35
| align="right" | 331,194
| align="right" | 0.39
| align="right" | 398,671
| align="right" | 0.41
|-
| [[Bahnar people|Ba Na]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 174,456
| align="right" | 0.23
| align="right" | 227,716
| align="right" | 0.27
| align="right" | 286,910
| align="right" | 0.30
|-
| [[Xo Dang people|Xơ Đăng]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 127,148
| align="right" | 0.17
| align="right" | 169,501
| align="right" | 0.20
| align="right" | 212,277
| align="right" | 0.22
|-
| [[San Chay people|Sán Chay]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 147,315
| align="right" | 0.19
| align="right" | 169,410
| align="right" | 0.20
| align="right" | 201,398
| align="right" | 0.21
|-
| [[K'Ho people|Cờ Ho]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 128,723
| align="right" | 0.17
| align="right" | 166,112
| align="right" | 0.19
| align="right" | 200,800
| align="right" | 0.21
|-
| [[San Diu people|Sán Dìu]]
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 126,237
| align="right" | 0.17
| align="right" | 146,821
| align="right" | 0.17
| align="right" | 183,004
| align="right" | 0.19
|-
| [[Cham people (Asia)|Chăm]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 132,873
| align="right" | 0.17
| align="right" | 161,729
| align="right" | 0.19
| align="right" | 178,948
| align="right" | 0.19
|-
| [[H're people|Hrê]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 113,111
| align="right" | 0.15
| align="right" | 63,012
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 149,460
| align="right" | 0.16
|-
| [[Raglai people|Ra Glai]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 96,931
| align="right" | 0.13
| align="right" | 122,245
| align="right" | 0.14
| align="right" | 146,613
| align="right" | 0.15
|-
| [[Mnong people|M'Nông]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 92,451
| align="right" | 0.12
| align="right" | 102,741
| align="right" | 0.12
| align="right" | 127,334
| align="right" | 0.13
|-
| [[Stieng people|Xtiêng]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 66,788
| align="right" | 0.09
| align="right" | 85,436
| align="right" | 0.10
| align="right" | 100,752
| align="right" | 0.10
|-
| [[Bru-Van Kieu people|Bru-Vân Kiều]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 55,559
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 74,506
| align="right" | 0.09
| align="right" | 94,598
| align="right" | 0.10
|-
| [[Thổ people|Thổ]] 
| [[Vietic]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 68,394
| align="right" | 0.09
| align="right" | 74,458
| align="right" | 0.09
| align="right" | 91,430
| align="right" | 0.10
|-
| [[Khmu people|Khơ Mú]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 56,542
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 72,929
| align="right" | 0.08
| align="right" | 90,612
| align="right" | 0.09
|-
| [[Co Tu people|Cơ Tu]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 50,458
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 61,588
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 74,173
| align="right" | 0.08
|-
| [[Giay people|Giáy]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 49,098
| align="right" | 0.06
| align="right" | 58,617
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 67,858
| align="right" | 0.07
|-
| [[Gie Trieng people|Giẻ Triêng]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 30,243
| align="right" | 0.04
| align="right" | 50,962
| align="right" | 0.06
| align="right" | 63,322
| align="right" | 0.07
|-
| [[Ta Oi people|Tà Ôi]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 34,960
| align="right" | 0.05
| align="right" | 43,886
| align="right" | 0.05
| align="right" | 52,356
| align="right" | 0.05
|-
| [[Ma people|Mạ]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 33,338
| align="right" | 0.04
| align="right" | 41,405
| align="right" | 0.05
| align="right" | 50,322
| align="right" | 0.05
|-
| [[Cor people|Co]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 27,766
| align="right" | 0.04
| align="right" | 33,817
| align="right" | 0.04
| align="right" | 40,442
| align="right" | 0.04
|-
| [[Cho Ro people|Chơ Ro]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 22,567
| align="right" | 0.03
| align="right" | 26,855
| align="right" | 0.03
| align="right" | 29,520
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| [[Xinh Mun people|Xinh Mun]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 18,018
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 23,278
| align="right" | 0.03
| align="right" | 29,503
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| [[Hani people|Hà Nhì]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 17,535
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 10,923
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 25,539
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| [[Churu people|Chu Ru]]
| [[Malayo-Polynesian]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 14,978
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 19,314
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 23,242
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| [[Lao people|Lao]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 11,611
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 14,928
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 17,532
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| [[Khang people|Kháng]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 10,272
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 13,840
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 16,180
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| [[Lachi people|La Chí]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 10,765
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 13,158
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 15,126
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| [[Phù Lá]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 9,046
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 5,535
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 12,471
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Lahu people|La Hủ]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 6,874
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 9,651
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 12,113
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Laha people|La Ha]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 5,686
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 8,177
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 10,157
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Pa Then people|Pà Thẻn]]
| [[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Dao]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 5,569
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 6,811
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 8,248
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Chut people|Chứt]]
| [[Vietic]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 3,829
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 6,022
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 7,513
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Lu people|Lự]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 4,964
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 5,601
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 6,757
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Yi people|Lô Lô]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 3,307
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 2,218
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 4,827
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| [[Mang people|Mảng]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 2,663
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 3,700
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 4,650
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Gelao people|Cờ Lao]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 1,865
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 2,636
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 4,003
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Buyei|Bố Y]] 
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 1,864
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 2,273
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 3,232
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Cong people|Cống]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 1,676
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 2,029
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 2,729
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Ngái]] 
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 4,841
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 1,035
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 1,649
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Si La]]
| [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 840
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 709
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 909
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Qabiao people|Pu Péo]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 705
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 687
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 903
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Ro Mam people|Rơ Măm]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 352
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 436
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 639
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[Brau people|Brâu]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 313
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 397
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 525
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| [[O Du|Ơ Đu]]
| [[Mon-Khmer]]
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 301
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 376
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 428
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| colspan="2" | Foreigners
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 39,532
| align="right" | 0.05
| align="right" | 2,134
| align="right" | 0.00
| align="right" | 3,553
| align="right" | 0.00
|-
| colspan="2" | Others
| align="right" | 2,767,512
| align="right" | 4.3
| align="right" | 1,333
| align="right" | 0.0
| align="right" | 82,942
| align="right" | 0.0
| align="right" | 349
| align="right" | 0.00
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="2" align="left" | Total
! colspan="2" | 64,411,713
! colspan="2" | 76,323,173
! colspan="2" | 85,846,997
! colspan="2" | 96,208,984
|}