Editing Daylight saving time (section)

=== Effects on health ===
There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=H. |last2=Khan |first2=A. |last3=Edgren |first3=G. |last4=Rzhetsky |first4=A. |date=8 June 2020 |title=Measurable health effects associated with the daylight saving time shift. |journal=PLOS Comput. Biol. |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=e1007927 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007927|pmid=32511231 |pmc=7302868 |bibcode=2020PLSCB..16E7927Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been shown to disrupt human [[circadian rhythm]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rishi |first1=M. A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=O. |last3=Barrantes Perez |first3=J. H. |last4=Berneking |first4=J. |last5=Flynn-Evans |first5=E. E. |last6=Gurubhagavatula |first6=I. |title=Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |year=2020 |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=1781–1784|doi=10.5664/jcsm.8780 |pmid=32844740 |pmc=7954020 }}</ref> negatively affecting human health in the process,<ref name="Roenneberg June 2019">{{cite journal|vauthors=Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Wright KP, Dijk DJ, Zee P, Gorman MR, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB|date=2019|title=Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms|volume=34|issue=3|pages=227–230|doi=10.1177/0748730419854197|pmc=7205184|pmid=31170882|doi-access=free}}</ref> and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attacks<ref name="NatGeo Time" /> and traffic accidents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fritz |first1=Josef |last2=VoPham |first2=Trang |last3=Wright |first3=Kenneth P. |last4=Vetter |first4=Céline |date=February 2020 |title=A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=729–735.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 |pmid=32008905 |s2cid=210956409 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30E.729F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orsini|first1=Federico|last2=Zarantonello|first2=Lisa|last3=Costa|first3=Rodolfo |last4=Rossi|first4=Riccardo |last5=Montagnese|first5=Sara| date=July 2022 |title=Driving simulator performance worsens after the Spring transition to Daylight Saving Time |journal=iScience |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=104666 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.104666 |pmid=35811844 |pmc=9263509 |bibcode=2022iSci...25j4666O |issn=2589-0042}}</ref>

A 2017 study in the ''[[American Economic Journal|American Economic Journal: Applied Economics]]'' estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Austin C. |date=2016 |title=Spring Forward at Your Own Risk: Daylight Saving Time and Fatal Vehicle Crashes |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–91 |citeseerx=10.1.1.676.1062 |doi=10.1257/app.20140100 |issn=1945-7782}}</ref>

A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fritz |first1=Josef |date=2020 |title=A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=729–735.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 |pmid=32008905 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30E.729F |s2cid=210956409}}</ref> Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jason Varughese |author2=Richard P. Allen |year=2001 |title=Fatal accidents following changes in daylight savings time: the American experience |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–36 |doi=10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00032-0 |pmid=11152980}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=J. Alsousoua |author2=T. Jenks |author3=O. Bouamra |author4=F. Lecky |author5=K. Willett |year=2009 |title=Daylight savings time (DST) transition: the effect on serious or fatal road traffic collision related injuries |journal=Injury Extra |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=211–212 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.241 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |author1=Tuuli A. Lahti |author2=Jari Haukka |author3=Jouko Lönnqvist |author4=Timo Partonen |year=2008 |title=Daylight saving time transitions and hospital treatments due to accidents or manic episodes |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=8 |page=74 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-8-74 |pmc=2266740 |pmid=18302734 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mats Lambe |author2=Peter Cummings |year=2000 |title=The shift to and from daylight savings time and motor vehicle crashes |journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=609–611 |doi=10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00088-3 |pmid=10868764}}</ref> According to data shared by Titan Casket, hospitals see a 24% increase in heart attacks<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sandhu |first1=Amneet |last2=Seth |first2=Milan |last3=Gurm |first3=Hitinder S. |date=1 March 2014 |title=Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction |journal=Open Heart |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e000019 |doi=10.1136/openhrt-2013-000019 |issn=2053-3624 |pmc=4189320 |pmid=25332784}}</ref> and a 6% increase in fatal crashes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fritz |first1=Josef |last2=VoPham |first2=Trang |last3=Wright Jr. |first3=Kenneth P. |last4=Vetter |first4=Céline |date=30 January 2020 |title=A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=729–735.e2 |bibcode=2020CBio...30E.729F |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 |pmid=32008905 |doi-access=free}}</ref> each year when the time changes. In 2018, the [[European Parliament]], reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved a more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manfredini |first1=F. |last2=Fabbian |first2=F. |last3=Cappadona |first3=R. |date=2018 |title=Daylight saving time, circadian rhythms, and cardiovascular health |journal=Internal and Emergency Medicine |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s11739-018-1900-4|pmid=29971599 |pmc=6469828 }}</ref> However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Derks |first1=L. |last2=Houterman |first2=S. |last3=Geuzebroek |first3=G.S.C. |title=Daylight saving time does not seem to be associated with number of percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction in the Netherlands |journal=Netherlands Heart Journal |year=2021 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=427–432 |doi=10.1007/s12471-021-01566-7|pmid=33765223 |pmc=8397810 }}</ref> Year-round standard time (not year-round DST) is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety.<ref name="The Globe and Mail">{{cite news|last1=Cermakian|first1=Nicolas|title=Turn back the clock on Daylight Savings: Why Standard Time all year round is the healthy choice|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-turn-back-the-clock-on-daylight-savings-why-standard-time-all-year/|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=2 November 2019|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004547/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-turn-back-the-clock-on-daylight-savings-why-standard-time-all-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Sacramento Bee">{{cite web|last1=Block|first1=Gene|title=Who wants to go to work in the dark? Californians need Permanent Standard Time|url=https://chancellor.ucla.edu/writings-speeches/wants-go-work-dark-californians-need-permanent-standard-time/|publisher=The Sacramento Bee|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304052801/https://chancellor.ucla.edu/writings-speeches/wants-go-work-dark-californians-need-permanent-standard-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="U Calgary News">{{cite web|last1=Antle|first1=Michael|title=Circadian rhythm expert argues against permanent daylight saving time|date=30 October 2019|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/circadian-rhythm-expert-argues-against-permanent-daylight-saving-time|publisher=U Calgary News|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304052759/https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/circadian-rhythm-expert-argues-against-permanent-daylight-saving-time|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC News">{{cite news|date=31 October 2019|title=Year-round daylight time will cause 'permanent jet lag,' sleep experts warn in letter to government|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/daylight-time-bc-sleep-experts-1.5342620|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308200121/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/daylight-time-bc-sleep-experts-1.5342620|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher M.|last2=Drake|first2=Christopher L.|date=November 2015|title=Prioritizing Sleep Health|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=10|issue=6|pages=733–737|doi=10.1177/1745691615598509|pmid=26581727|doi-access=free}}</ref> Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent,<ref name="NatGeo Time" /> and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency.<ref name="Lahti">{{cite journal|author1=Tuuli A. Lahti|author2=Sami Leppämäki|author3=Jouko Lönnqvist|author4=Timo Partonen|year=2008|title=Transitions into and out of daylight saving time compromise sleep and the rest–activity cycles|journal=BMC Physiology|volume=8|page=3|doi=10.1186/1472-6793-8-3|pmc=2259373|pmid=18269740 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Effects on seasonal adaptation of the [[circadian rhythm]] can be severe and last for weeks.<ref>DST and circadian rhythm:
*{{cite journal|author1=Pablo Valdez|author2=Candelaria Ramírez|author3=Aída García|year=2003|title=Adjustment of the sleep–wake cycle to small (1–2h) changes in schedule|journal=Biological Rhythm Research|volume=34|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1076/brhm.34.2.145.14494|bibcode=2003BioRR..34..145V |s2cid=83648787}}
*{{cite journal|author1=Thomas Kantermann|author2=Myriam Juda|author3=Martha Merrow|author4=Till Roenneberg|author4-link=Till Roenneberg|year=2007|title=The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6711968/2007CurrBiolKantermann.pdf|journal=Current Biology|volume=17|issue=22|pages=1996–2000|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.025|pmid=17964164 |bibcode=2007CBio...17.1996K |s2cid=3135927|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116060505/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6711968/2007CurrBiolKantermann.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |date=25 October 2007 |title=Daylight saving hits late risers hardest |work=ABC News |location=Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2007/2070223.htm}}</ref>