Editing Cyberpunk (section)

=== Anime and manga ===
{{main|Japanese cyberpunk}}
{{see also|List of cyberpunk works#Animation|List of cyberpunk works#Graphic novels and comics}}
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The [[Japanese cyberpunk]] subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of [[Katsuhiro Otomo]]'s [[manga]] series ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'', with its [[Akira (1988 film)|1988 anime film adaptation]], which Otomo directed, later popularizing the subgenre. ''[[Akira (franchise)|Akira]]'' inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and [[anime]] series such as ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Battle Angel Alita]]'', and ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]''.<ref name="polygon">{{cite news |title=What is cyberpunk? |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/8/30/17796680/cyberpunk-2077-history-blade-runner-neuromancer |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> Other early Japanese cyberpunk works include the 1982 film ''[[Burst City]]'', and the 1989 film ''[[Tetsuo: The Iron Man]]''.

According to [[Paul Gravett]], when ''Akira'' began to be published, cyberpunk literature had not yet been translated into Japanese, Otomo has distinct inspirations such as [[Mitsuteru Yokoyama]]'s manga series ''[[Tetsujin 28-go]]'' (1956–1966) and [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katsuhiro Otomo {{!}} PAUL GRAVETT |url=http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/katsuhiro_otomo |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.paulgravett.com}}</ref>

In contrast to Western cyberpunk which has roots in New Wave science fiction literature, Japanese cyberpunk has roots in [[underground music]] culture, specifically the Japanese [[punk subculture]] that arose from the [[Japanese punk]] music scene in the 1970s. The filmmaker [[Sogo Ishii]] introduced this subculture to [[Japanese cinema]] with the [[punk film]] ''[[Panic High School]]'' (1978) and the punk [[biker film]] ''[[Crazy Thunder Road]]'' (1980), both portraying the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and the latter featuring a punk [[biker gang]] aesthetic. Ishii's punk films paved the way for Otomo's seminal cyberpunk work ''[[Akira (franchise)|Akira]]''.<ref name="Midnight">{{cite web |last1=Player |first1=Mark |title=Post-Human Nightmares – The World of Japanese Cyberpunk Cinema |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/post-human-nightmares-the-world-of-japanese-cyberpunk-cinema/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]] |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>

Cyberpunk themes are widely visible in anime and manga. In [[Japan]], where [[cosplay]] is popular and not only teenagers display such fashion styles, cyberpunk has been accepted and its influence is widespread. William Gibson's ''Neuromancer,'' whose influence dominated the early cyberpunk movement, was also set in [[Chiba (city)|Chiba]], one of Japan's largest industrial areas, although at the time of writing the novel Gibson did not know the location of Chiba and had no idea how perfectly it fit his vision in some ways. The exposure to cyberpunk ideas and fiction in the 1980s has allowed it to seep into the Japanese culture.

Cyberpunk anime and manga draw upon a futuristic vision which has elements in common with Western science fiction and therefore have received wide international acceptance outside Japan. "The conceptualization involved in cyberpunk is more of forging ahead, looking at the new global culture. It is a culture that does not exist right now, so the Japanese concept of a cyberpunk future, seems just as valid as a Western one, especially as Western cyberpunk often incorporates many Japanese elements."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ruh |first=Brian |url=http://www.animeresearch.com/Articles/LiberatingCels |title=Liberating Cels: Forms of the Female in Japanese Cyberpunk Animation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927232446/http://www.animeresearch.com/Articles/LiberatingCels/ |archive-date=2007-09-27 |website=AnimeResearch.com |date=December 2000}}</ref> William Gibson is now a frequent visitor to Japan, and he came to see that many of his visions of Japan have become a reality:

<blockquote>Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] themselves knew it and delighted in it. I remember my first glimpse of [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], when one of the young Tokyo journalists who had taken me there, his face drenched with the light of a thousand media-suns—all that towering, animated crawl of commercial information—said, "You see? You see? It is ''Blade Runner'' town." And it was. It so evidently was.<ref name="cyberpunk1"/></blockquote>

==== Influence ====
''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' (1982 manga) and its [[Akira (1988 film)|1988 anime film adaptation]] have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture/|title=How 'Akira' Has Influenced All Your Favourite TV, Film and Music|work=[[Vice (magazine)|VICE]]|date=September 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="filmschoolrejects">{{cite web |title='Akira' Is Frequently Cited as Influential. Why Is That? |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc/ |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> ''Akira'' has been cited as a major influence on [[Hollywood films]] such as ''[[The Matrix]]'',<ref name="gaeta-empire">{{cite journal|date=February 2006|title=200 Things That Rocked Our World: Bullet Time|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|issue=200|page=136|publisher=[[EMAP]]}}</ref> ''[[Chronicle (film)|Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Woerner|first=Meredith|title=Chronicle captures every teen's fantasy of fighting back, say film's creators|url=http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|publisher=[[io9]]|access-date=25 May 2012|date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226195315/http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Rian Johnson Talks Working with Joseph Gordon-Levitt on LOOPER, Hollywood's Lack of Originality, Future Projects and More|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|url=http://collider.com/rian-johnson-reddit-ama/|date=2012-09-25}}</ref> ''[[Midnight Special (film)|Midnight Special]]'', and ''[[Inception]]'',<ref name="vice"/> as well as cyberpunk-influenced video games such as [[Hideo Kojima]]'s ''[[Snatcher (video game)|Snatcher]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamecritics.com/great-games-snatcher|title=Great Games Snatcher|work=GameCritics.com|first=Ben|last=Hopper|date=February 20, 2001|access-date=2011-08-24}}</ref> and ''[[Metal Gear (series)|Metal Gear Solid]]'',<ref name="polygon"/> [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]'s ''[[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]'' series<ref>{{cite news |title=Half-Life tiene varias referencias a Akira |url=https://as.com/meristation/2018/08/29/noticias/1535543681_545901.html |work=[[:es:MeriStation|MeriStation]] |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |date=August 29, 2018 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The most impressive PC mods ever made |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/the-most-impressive-pc-mods-ever-made |work=[[TechRadar]] |date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> and [[Dontnod Entertainment]]'s ''[[Remember Me (video game)|Remember Me]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feature: "Life is Strange" Interview and Hands-on Impressions |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2015/01/28/feature-life-is-strange-interview-and-hands-on-impressions |work=[[Crunchyroll]] |date=January 28, 2015}}</ref> ''Akira'' has also influenced the work of musicians such as [[Kanye West]], who paid homage to ''Akira'' in the "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" music video,<ref name="vice"/> and [[Lupe Fiasco]], whose album ''[[Tetsuo & Youth]]'' is named after Tetsuo Shima.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|title=Lupe Fiasco's 'Tetsuo & Youth' Avoiding Politics – Rolling Stone|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117113659/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|archive-date=17 November 2014|date=2013-10-25}}</ref> The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in ''[[Steven Spielberg]]'''s film ''[[Ready Player One (film)|Ready Player One]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/42981-ready-player-one-anime-easter-eggs-gundam|title= 'Ready Player One' Anime Easter Eggs Include Gundam, Voltron and Much More|work= inverse.com|first=Eric|last=Francisco|date= 30 March 2018}}</ref> and [[CD Projekt]]'s video game ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyberpunk 2077 devs "will be significantly more open" |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/cyberpunk-2077/cyberpunk-2077-announcement-future |work=[[PCGamesN]] |date=June 12, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Digital rain animation small letters shine.gif|thumb|An interpretation of digital rain, similar to the images used in ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' and later in ''[[The Matrix (franchise)|The Matrix]]'']]

''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1995) influenced a number of prominent filmmakers, most notably [[the Wachowskis]] in ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999) and its sequels.<ref name="silver-anime-2">{{cite interview |first=Joel |last=Silver |title=interviewed in "Making ''The Matrix''" featurette on ''The Matrix'' DVD}}</ref> ''The Matrix'' series took several concepts from the film, including the [[Matrix digital rain]], which was inspired by the opening credits of ''Ghost in the Shell'' and a sushi magazine the wife of the senior designer of the animation, Simon Witheley, had in the kitchen at the time,<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-matrix-code-sushi-recipe | title=The Matrix Code Sushi Recipe | magazine=Wired}}</ref> and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks.<ref name="uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell | title=Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell | work=The Guardian | access-date=26 July 2013|date=19 October 2009|last=Rose|first=Steve}}</ref> Other parallels have been drawn to [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', [[Steven Spielberg]]'s ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'', and [[Jonathan Mostow]]'s ''[[Surrogates]]''.<ref name=uk /> James Cameron cited ''Ghost in the Shell'' as a source of inspiration,<ref>{{cite news |title=Hollywood is haunted by ''Ghost in the Shell'' |first=Steve |last=Rose |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 19, 2009 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130308101232/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell |archive-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref> citing it as an influence on ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schrodt |first1=Paul |title=How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3 |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=1 April 2017}}</ref>

The [[original video animation]] ''[[Megazone 23]]'' (1985) has a number of similarities to ''The Matrix''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Megazone 23 - Retroactive Influence|publisher=[[A.D. Vision]]|url=http://www.advfilms.com/titles/megazone/|access-date=2010-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204175820/http://www.advfilms.com/titles/megazone/|archive-date=2005-02-04}}</ref> ''[[Battle Angel Alita]]'' (1990) has had a notable influence on filmmaker James Cameron, who was planning to adapt it into a film since 2000. It was an influence on his TV series ''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]'', and he is the producer of the 2019 film adaptation ''[[Alita: Battle Angel]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live-Action "Alita: Battle Angel" Finally Shows Its Hand |url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/08-1/live-action-alita-battle-angel-finally-shows-its-hand |work=[[Crunchyroll]] |date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116063802/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/08-1/live-action-alita-battle-angel-finally-shows-its-hand |url-status=dead }}</ref>