Editing Crisis of the Third Century (section)

==== Maximinus dynasty (235–238) ====
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|[[File:CapitoliniMassiminoTrace2.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Aureus of Maximinus I (obverse).jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Maximinus I]]''' "'''Thrax'''"<br /><small>{{Smallcaps|Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus}}</small>{{Efn|Maximinus was not a member of the [[Julia gens]], as his name may indicate. Countless new citizens adopted the names of their patrons during the early Empire, resulting in several "new Romans" bearing names such as ''Julius'', ''Flavius'', ''Septimius'', etc. The Gordians, for instance, had the names "[[Marcus Antonius]]" after the triumvir and ally of Julius Caesar.}}
|March 235 – June 238{{efn|Maximinus' official ''[[dies imperii]]'' was almost certainly 23 March. He was co-opted into the ''[[sodales|sodales Antoniniani]]'' (the cult of [[Antoninus Pius]]) in 25 March, in Rome. However, it is impossible to know exactly how much time it would have taken for news of his proclamation to travel from Mainz to Rome.{{sfn|Burgess|2014|pp=68-69}} According to contemporary papyri: Maximinus was still recognized in Egypt by '''7 April''' 238; the two Gordians are first mentioned in '''13 June''', Pupienus and Balbinus appear in documents dated to '''21 July''' and '''8 September''', while Gordian III first appears in '''21 September'''. News often took 1 month to travel from Rome to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rea |first=J. R. |date=1972 |title=O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A. D. 238 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380 |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|ZPE]] |volume=9 |pages=1–19 |issn=0084-5388}}</ref> It is impossible to determine exact dates on these events; any dates given by modern shoclars are just conjetural.}}<br /><small>(3 years and 3 months)</small>
|Born {{Circa}} 173 in [[Thracia]], hence his nickname. Proclaimed emperor by his troops during a mutiny against [[Severus Alexander|Alexander]] in [[Mogontiacum]], [[Germania Superior]]. A man of humble origins, the first commoner to become emperor, he was hated by the Senate because he never visited Rome. His heavy taxation policy made him unpopular, and the Senate declared him a [[public enemy]]. He was killed at the age of 65 in Northern Italy by the [[Legio II Parthica]] after the [[Siege of Aquileia]] against followers of [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Kienast|1y=2017|1pp=176–179|2a1=Peachin|2y=1990|2pp=26-27|3a1=Burgess|3y=2014|3pp=68-69|4a1=Vagi|4y=2000|4pp=314-315|5a1=Adkins|5y=2019|5p=27}}
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|'''''[[Magnus (usurper)|Magnus]]'''''<br /><small>{{Smallcaps|Gaius Petronius Magnus}}</small>
|<small>late 235''<br />''(in [[Germania Superior|'''Germania''']])</small>
|A patritian ex-consul; said to have been hailed emperor after Alexander's murder. Herodian suggests that he was actually incriminated.<ref name=":0">[[Herodian]] ({{Circa}} 240), [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/herodian-7.1/ ''History'' 7.1.]</ref>{{sfn|Craven|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VEbCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT305 MAGNUS]}}{{sfn|Kienast|2017|p=179}}
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|''[[Quartinus|'''Titus Quartinus''']]''
|<small>late 235 / early 236</small>{{efn|He reigned six months according to the ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', but this must be an exageration.<ref>''[[Historia Augusta]]'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Tyranni_XXX*.html#32 "Thirty Tyrants"]</ref> Herodian's narrative suggest he was killed rather quickly.<ref name=":0" />}}''<br />''<small>(in [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|'''Mesopotamia''']])</small>
|Ex-consul; reluctantly hailed by troops loyal to Alexander. He was later killed by the same man who proclaimed him emperor.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Craven|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VEbCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT306 QUARTINUS]}}{{sfn|Kienast|2017|p=179}}
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| style="background:#FFe4e1;"|[[File:Maximus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN823 (cropped).jpg|117x117px]]<br /><small>(possible)</small>
| style="background:#FFe4e1;"|[[File:Gaius Iulius Verus Maximus denarius 236 (obverse).jpg|100px]]
| style="background:#FFe4e1;"|[[Gaius Julius Verus Maximus|Maximus]]<br /><small>{{Smallcaps|Gaius Julius Verus Maximus}}</small>
| style="background:#FFe4e1;"|January/May 236 – June 238<br/><small>(''caesar'' under Maximinus I)</small>
| style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Son of Maximinus and [[Caecilia Paulina]], born {{circa}} 215; incorrectly called "Maximinus" by some sources. Lost his mother sometime before 235; Maximinus honored her with the titles of ''[[Augustus (title)|augusta]]'' and ''[[Roman imperial cult|diva]]''. Named ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'' (heir) by his father at the age of 20; killed alongside him in the battlefield.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kienast|1y=2017|1p=178|2a1=Peachin|2y=1990|2p=27|3a1=Vagi|3y=2000|3pp=316-317}}
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