Editing Crataegus (section)

===Traditional medicine===
Several species of hawthorn have been used in [[traditional medicine]]. The products used are often derived from ''C.&nbsp;monogyna'', ''[[Crataegus laevigata|C.&nbsp;laevigata]]'', or related ''Crataegus'' species, sometimes generally referred to as hawthorn without distinguishment.<ref name=Phipps/> The [[dried fruit]]s of ''C.&nbsp;pinnatifida'' (called ''shān zhā'' in Chinese) are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, ''[[Crataegus cuneata|C.&nbsp;cuneata]]'' (Japanese hawthorn, called ''sanzashi'' in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially ''Crataegus laevigata'') are used in [[herbal medicine]] where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function.<ref name=itmonline>{{citation |author=Dharmananda S. |title=Hawthorn (''Crataegus''). Food and Medicine in China |publisher=Institute of Traditional Medicine Online |volume=January |year=2004 |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/crataegus.htm}}</ref>

The [[Kutenai people]] of northwestern North America used [[List of hawthorn species with black fruit#North American species|black hawthorn fruit]] ([[Kutenai language]]: kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: ''kasha'') for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: ''shupshi'') in traditional medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FirstVoices – Ktunaxa. Plants: medicine plants: words.|access-date=11 July 2012|url=http://www.firstvoices.ca/en/Ktunaxa/word-category/d2ad144298c3bbdb/--Plants---medicine-plants}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Side effects====
Overdose can cause [[cardiac arrhythmia]] and low blood pressure, while milder [[side effect]]s include [[nausea]] and [[dizziness]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69252.cfm#SideEffects |title=Hawthorn |publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |date=2019 |access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Patients taking [[digoxin]] should avoid taking hawthorn.<ref name=Dasgupta>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dasgupta A, Kidd L, Poindexter BJ, Bick RJ |date=August 2010 |title=Interference of hawthorn on serum digoxin measurements by immunoassays and pharmacodynamic interaction with digoxin |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=1188–92 |pmid=20670141 |doi=10.5858/2009-0404-OA.1}}</ref><ref name=DigoxinStudy>{{cite journal |author1=Tankenow Roberta |author2=Tamer Helen R. |author3=Streetman Daniel S. |author4=Smith Scott G. |author5=Welton Janice L. |author6=Annesley Thomas |author7=Aaronson Keith D. |author8=Bleske Barry E. |year=2003 |title=Interaction Study between Digoxin and a Preparation of Hawthorn (''Crataegus oxyacantha'') |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/97293/0091270003253417.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=J Clin Pharmacol |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=637–642 |doi=10.1177/0091270003253417 |pmid=12817526 |hdl=2027.42/97293 |s2cid=9888330 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>