Editing Cornett (section)

===Origins===
[[File:Cornets à bouquin1.jpg|thumb|left|16th and 17th century cornetts at the Cité de la Musique, Philharmonie de Paris. From the left, back row:
<br/>*[[cornettino]], 17th century

<br/>*alto or treble cornet, 17th century

<br/>*''cornone'',  [[tenor cornett]] or ''bass de cornet à  bouquin'', 17th century{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/>

<br/>*''contrebass de cornet à  bouquin''{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/> (bass cornett), 16th century

Front row:
<br/>*tenor cornet, 17th century.<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 February 2023|title=CORNET À BOUQUIN TÉNOR EN FORME DE SERPENT|url=https://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/0161107-cornet-a-bouquin-tenor.aspx|website=Cité de la Musique, Philharmonie de Paris}}</ref>]]

[[Aurignacian]] pipes, fashioned with four finger holes 26,000–40,000 years ago from the slender bones of bird wings or mammoth ivory, have long been considered flutes. Recovered from [[Vogelherd Cave|Vogelherdhöhle]] and other caves in the [[Swabian Jura]] in Germany, they are among the oldest musical instruments yet discovered. British [[music archaeology|music archaeologist]] Graeme Lawson found that a replica of a complete specimen played as a flute has an indistinct whispery sound, but produces the first five notes of the diatonic series in a clear, strident tone when played as an end-blown lip reed instrument. He contends that this method of playing is supported by microscopic wear patterns, the absence of a fipple or blowhole, and the well-rounded end aperture.<ref name="978-1-847-92687-6_p317-321">{{cite book |first=Graeme |last=Lawson |title=Sound Tracks: Uncovering our Musical Past |date=2024 |publisher=The Bodley Head |publication-place=London |isbn=978-1-847-92687-6|pages=317–321}}</ref>

In modern history, the cornett has been considered by musical historians to be a development of the medieval horn, such as a cow's horn.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} Francis Galpin believed the horns preceding the cornett to be goat horns.<ref name=Galpin/>

Plain horns in the shape of animal horns have been found in medieval European art as far back as the [[Utrecht Psalter]] in the 9th century. However, horns with fingerholes also began appearing in manuscript miniatures in the 10th century.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} By the 12th century, these were being carved with a six sided or 8 sided exterior.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name=Galpin>{{cite book |first= Francis W. |last= Galpin |title= OLD ENGLISH INSTRUMENTS Of MUSIC |date = 1911 |place= Chicago |publisher= A. C. McCLURG & CO . |pages=188–198}}</ref> In the 11th century, some of the fingerhole horns began to be made longer and thinner, beginning to take on the appearance of the cornett.<ref name=Duffin>{{cite book |title= A Performer's Guide to Medieval Music |year= 2000 |editor= Ross W. Duffin |page= 395 |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 0253215331 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=z9xDFnIMRssC&dq=coradoiz&pg=PA396}}</ref>

{{Multiple images
|header= Horn, fingerhole horn, cornett
|image1=Utrechts-Psalter PSALM-149-PSALM-150 trumpet.jpg
|caption1=Utrecht Psalter, 9th century, France. [[Horn (instrument)|Horn]]s showing signs of assembly (bands around outside) into the shape of cows horns.
|width1=170

|image2= Bockhorn - SMV - X22 01.tif
|caption2=A [[Bukkehorn|bockhorn]], [[fingerhole horn]]
|width2=120

|image3= Cornett or fingerhole horn, Winchcombe Psalter (MS Ff.1.23).jpg
|caption3= Galpin identified this as a cornett.<ref name=Galpin/> 11th century Winchcombe Psalter (MS Ff.1.23)
|width3= 90

|image4= Harley Psalter folio 24v instruments.jpg
|caption4= 1000-1050 England.  From the left a fingerhole horn/trumpet, harp, fingerhole horn/trumpet, lute. [[Harley Psalter]]; art copied or inspired from earlier [[Utrecht Psalter]]. Galpin cited this manuscript as evidence of cornett in England in the 11th century<ref name=Galpin/>
|width4=183
}}

The French ''coradoiz'', rendered now as ''cor à doigts'', meant "fingerhole horn", was seen in the 13th to 15th centuries.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name=Duffin/>

The earliest cowhorn instruments were played with one hand covering four or fewer fingerholes and the other stopping the bell to create additional tones, much like on a [[French horn]].{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=4}} In Northern Europe, these horns, referred to in Scandinavian languages as [[bukkehorn]]s, were made from natural animal horns.{{sfn|Klaus|2013|p=53-54}}

The name ''cornet'' was printed in English in the ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur|Morte d'Arthure]]'', completed by [[Sir Thomas Mallory]] about 1470.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prison and Knightly Identity in Sir Thomas Malory's "Morte Darthur"|author=Davidson, Roberta|year=2004|journal=Arthuriana|volume=14|issue=2|pages=54–63|doi = 10.1353/art.2004.0066|jstor = 27870603|s2cid = 161386973}}</ref>

The cornett in its current form was developed by about 1500, as an improvement over earlier designs of fingerhole horns.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref>{{cite web| website= Early Music Muse |title= The gemshorn: a (necessarily) short history |url= https://earlymusicmuse.com/gemshorn/ |last= Pittaway| first= Ian|date= 14 July 2015 | quote= These animal horns drilled with finger holes...eventually leading to the creation of the leather-covered wooden cornett in {{circa|1500}} }}</ref>

That was the path that led to the curved cornetts; another way led to the straight cornetts. In central Europe, cornetts were made from wood turned on a [[lathe]]; the fusion of these two instrument-building traditions as the cornett advanced in melodic capability explains the coexistence of the straight and curved cornetts, with the form of the latter most likely being a skeuomorphic trait derived from animal horns.{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=62}}