Editing Cognitive behavioral therapy (section)

====Prevention====
For anxiety disorders, use of CBT with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also given significant improvements in explanatory style, hopelessness, and dysfunctional attitudes.<ref name="pmid20948835" /><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Seligman M, Schulman P, DeRubeis R, Hollon S |year=1999|title=The prevention of depression and anxiety|journal=Prevention & Treatment|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1111–1126|citeseerx=10.1.1.421.9996|doi=10.1037/1522-3736.2.1.28a|s2cid=211577 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt NB, Eggleston AM, Woolaway-Bickel K, Fitzpatrick KK, Vasey MW, Richey JA | title = Anxiety Sensitivity Amelioration Training (ASAT): a longitudinal primary prevention program targeting cognitive vulnerability | journal = Journal of Anxiety Disorders | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 302–319 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16889931 | doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.06.002 }}</ref> In another study, 3% of the group receiving the CBT intervention developed generalized anxiety disorder by 12 months postintervention compared with 14% in the control group.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Higgins DM, Hecker JE | title = A randomized trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for prevention of generalized anxiety disorder | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 8 | page = 1336 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18816156 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.v69n0819a | doi-access = free }}</ref> Individuals with subthreshold levels of panic disorder significantly benefitted from use of CBT.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P | title = Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 196 | issue = 4 | pages = 326–331 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20357312 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072504 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Gardenswartz CA, Craske MG |year=2001|title=Prevention of panic disorder|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=32|issue=4|pages=725–737|doi=10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80017-4}}</ref> Use of CBT was found to significantly reduce social anxiety prevalence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aune T, Stiles TC | title = Universal-based prevention of syndromal and subsyndromal social anxiety: A randomized controlled study | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 77 | issue = 5 | pages = 867–879 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19803567 | doi = 10.1037/a0015813 }}</ref>

For depressive disorders, a stepped-care intervention (watchful waiting, CBT and medication if appropriate) achieved a 50% lower incidence rate in a patient group aged 75 or older.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van't Veer-Tazelaar PJ, van Marwijk HW, van Oppen P, van Hout HP, van der Horst HE, Cuijpers P, Smit F, Beekman AT | display-authors = 6 | title = Stepped-care prevention of anxiety and depression in late life: a randomized controlled trial | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–304 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19255379 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.555 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1871/16425 }}</ref> Another depression study found a neutral effect compared to personal, social, and health education, and usual school provision, and included a comment on potential for increased depression scores from people who have received CBT due to greater self recognition and acknowledgement of existing symptoms of depression and negative thinking styles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stallard P, Sayal K, Phillips R, Taylor JA, Spears M, Anderson R, Araya R, Lewis G, Millings A, Montgomery AA | display-authors = 6 | title = Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | pages = e6058 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23043090 | pmc = 3465253 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e6058 }}</ref> A further study also saw a neutral result.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Clarke GN, Hawkins W, Murphy M, Sheeber L|year=1993|title=School-Based Primary Prevention of Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescents: Findings from Two Studies|journal=Journal of Adolescent Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=183–204|doi=10.1177/074355489382004|s2cid=143775884}}</ref> A meta-study of the Coping with Depression course, a cognitive behavioral intervention delivered by a psychoeducational method, saw a 38% reduction in risk of major depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Muñoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM | title = Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the "Coping with Depression" course thirty years later | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 449–458 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19450912 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.005 }}</ref>