Editing Cleopatra (section)

==== Relationship with Mark Antony ====
[[File:Octavian and Antony denarius (obverse).jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] depicting [[Mark Antony]] minted by [[List of Roman moneyers during the Republic|Marcus Barbatius]]]]

Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like Caesar had done.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} In Egypt, Antony continued to enjoy the lavish royal lifestyle he had witnessed aboard Cleopatra's ship docked at Tarsos.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79, 82}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=24}} He also had his subordinates, such as [[Publius Ventidius Bassus]], [[Battle of Mount Gindarus|drive the Parthians out]] of Anatolia and Syria.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}}{{sfnp|Bivar|1983|p=58}}{{sfnp|Brosius|2006|p=96}}<ref group="note">For further information about Publius Ventidius Bassus and his victory over [[Parthian Empire|Parthian forces]] at the Battle of Mount Gindarus, see {{harvtxt|Kennedy|1996|pp=80–81}}.</ref>

Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} With his powers as a triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} While it is clear that both [[Cilicia]] and Cyprus were under Cleopatra's control by 19 November 38 BC, the transfer probably occurred earlier in the winter of 41–40 BC, during her time spent with Antony.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}

By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor [[Lucius Decidius Saxa]] was killed and his army taken by [[Quintus Labienus]], a former officer under Cassius who now served the [[Parthian Empire]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=83}} Cleopatra provided Antony with 200 ships for his campaign and as payment for her newly acquired territories.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=83}} She would not see Antony again until 37 BC, but she maintained correspondence, and evidence suggests she kept a spy in his camp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=83}} By the end of 40 BC, Cleopatra had given birth to twins, a boy named [[Alexander Helios]] and a girl named [[Cleopatra Selene II]], both of whom Antony acknowledged as his children.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Helios]] (the Sun) and [[Selene]] (the Moon) were symbolic of a new era of societal rejuvenation,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} as well as an indication that Cleopatra hoped Antony would repeat the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|exploits of Alexander the Great]] by conquering the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]].{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}}

[[File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|''The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra'' (1885), by [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]]]
Mark Antony's Parthian campaign in the east was disrupted by the events of the [[Perusine War]] (41–40 BC), initiated by his ambitious wife [[Fulvia]] against Octavian in the hopes of making her husband the undisputed leader of Rome.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} It has been suggested that Fulvia wanted to cleave Antony away from Cleopatra, but the conflict emerged in Italy even before Cleopatra's meeting with Antony at Tarsos.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} Fulvia and Antony's brother [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] were eventually besieged by Octavian at [[Perusia]] (modern [[Perugia]], Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at [[Sicyon]] in Greece while attempting to reach Antony.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at [[Brundisium]] in Italy in September 40 BC.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Although the agreement struck at Brundisium solidified Antony's control of the Roman Republic's territories east of the [[Ionian Sea]], it also stipulated that he concede [[Roman Italy|Italia]], [[Hispania]], and [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]], and marry Octavian's sister [[Octavia the Younger]], a potential rival for Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}}

In December 40 BC Cleopatra received [[Herod the Great|Herod]] in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in [[Judea]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=86}} Herod had been installed as a [[Herodian Tetrarchy|tetrarch]] there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with [[Antigonus II Mattathias]] of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=86}} The latter had imprisoned Herod's brother and fellow tetrarch [[Phasael]], who was executed while Herod was fleeing toward Cleopatra's court.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=86}} Cleopatra attempted to provide him with a military assignment, but Herod declined and traveled to Rome, where the triumvirs Octavian and Antony named him [[List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers|king of Judea]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=86–87}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new [[Herodian kingdom]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=86–87}}

{{multiple image
| align             = left
| image1            = An ancient Roman bust of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt2.jpg
| width1            = 130
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| caption1          = 
| image2            = An ancient Roman bust of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt1.jpg
| width2            = 130
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| footer            = An ancient [[Roman Republican portraiture|Roman sculpture]] possibly depicting either Cleopatra of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]],{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=image plates between pp. 246–247}}{{sfnp|Ferroukhi|2001b|p=242}}<ref group="note" name="Cherchel bust"/> or her daughter, [[Cleopatra Selene II]], Queen of [[Kingdom of Mauretania|Mauretania]],{{sfnp|Roller|2003|p=139}} located in the [[Archaeological Museum of Cherchell]], Algeria
}}

Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children, [[Antonia the Elder]] in 39 BC and [[Antonia Minor]] in 36 BC, and moved his headquarters to Athens.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} However, Cleopatra's position in Egypt was secure.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Her rival Herod was occupied with civil war in Judea that required heavy Roman military assistance, but received none from Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Since the authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1{{nbsp}}January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at [[Taranto|Tarentum]], where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=89–90}} With two [[Roman legion|legions]] granted by Octavian and a thousand soldiers lent by Octavia, Antony traveled to [[Antioch]], where he made preparations for war against the Parthians.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}

Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra brought her now three-year-old twins to Antioch, where Antony saw them for the first time and where they probably first received their surnames Helios and Selene as part of Antony and Cleopatra's ambitious plans for the future.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} In order to stabilize the east, Antony not only enlarged Cleopatra's domain,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} he also established new ruling dynasties and client rulers who would be loyal to him, yet would ultimately outlast him.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}}<ref group="note">According to {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}, these client state rulers installed by Antony included Herod, [[Amyntas of Galatia]], [[Polemon I of Pontus]], and [[Archelaus of Cappadocia]].</ref>

In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of [[Phoenicia]] (Lebanon) minus [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]], which remained in Roman hands.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} She also received [[Ptolemais Akko]] (modern [[Acre, Israel]]), a city that was established by Ptolemy II.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}} Given her [[Seleucid dynasty|ancestral relations with the Seleucids]], she was granted the region of [[Coele-Syria]] along the upper [[Orontes River]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} She was even given the region surrounding [[Jericho]] in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=93–94}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} At the expense of the [[List of Nabataean kings|Nabataean king]] [[Malichus I]] (a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the [[Nabataean Kingdom]] around the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] on the [[Red Sea]], including Ailana (modern [[Aqaba]], Jordan).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} To the west Cleopatra was handed [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] along the Libyan coast, as well as [[Itanos]] and [[Olous]] in [[Roman Crete]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=94}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Although still administered by Roman officials, these territories nevertheless enriched her kingdom and led her to declare the inauguration of a new era by double-dating [[Ptolemaic coinage|her coinage]] in 36 BC.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=26–27}}
[[File:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|Roman [[aureus]] bearing the portraits of [[Mark Antony]] (left) and [[Octavian]] (right), issued in 41&nbsp;BC to celebrate the establishment of the [[Second Triumvirate]] by Octavian, Antony and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in 43&nbsp;BC]]

Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Octavian, fostering the narrative that Antony was neglecting his virtuous Roman wife Octavia, granted both her and [[Livia]], his own wife, extraordinary privileges of [[sacrosanctity]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Some 50 years before, [[Cornelia Africana]], daughter of [[Scipio Africanus]], had been the first living Roman woman to have a statue dedicated to her.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} She was now followed by Octavia and Livia, whose statues were most likely erected in the Forum of Caesar to rival that of Cleopatra's, erected by Caesar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}}

In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the [[Euphrates]] in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=95–96}} She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}} By the summer of 36 BC, she had given birth to [[Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)|Ptolemy Philadelphus]], her second son with Antony.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}}

[[Antony's Parthian campaign]] in 36 BC turned into a complete debacle for a number of reasons, in particular the betrayal of [[Artavasdes II of Armenia]], who defected to the Parthian side.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 27}} After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near [[Berytus]] (modern [[Beirut]], Lebanon) in December, engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=27}} Antony desired to avoid the risks involved in returning to Rome, and so he traveled with Cleopatra back to Alexandria to see his newborn son.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}