Editing Channel Islands (section)

===From the Duchy of Normandy===
In 933, the islands were granted to [[William I Longsword]] by [[Rudolph of France|Raoul]], [[List of French monarchs#Carolingian Dynasty (752–987)|the King of Western Francia]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Thomas |title=Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ |date=1840 |page=lii}}</ref> and annexed to the [[Duchy of Normandy]]. In 1066, [[William I of England|William II of Normandy]] invaded and conquered England, becoming William I of England, also known as William the Conqueror. In the period 1204–1214, [[John of England|King John]] lost the [[Angevin lands]] in northern France, including mainland Normandy, to [[Philip II of France|King Philip II of France]], but managed to retain control of the Channel Islands. In 1259, his successor, [[Henry III of England]], by the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], officially surrendered his claim and title to the Duchy of Normandy, while retaining the Channel Islands, as peer of France and feudal vassal of the King of France. Since around 1290, [[Otto de Grandson]] split the Channel Islands into two separate bailiwicks which were never absorbed into the [[Kingdom of England]] nor its successor kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. During the [[Hundred Years' War]], the Channel Islands were part of the French territory recognizing the [[English claims to the French throne|claims of the English kings to the French throne]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The islands were invaded by the French in 1338, who held some territory until 1345. [[Edward III of England]] granted a Charter in July 1341 to Jersey, Guernsey, Sark and Alderney, confirming their customs and laws to secure allegiance to the English Crown.<ref name="Charters">{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Tim |title=The Charters of Guernsey |publisher=Woodfield Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=978-1903953655}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}} [[Owain Lawgoch]], a mercenary leader of a [[Free Company]] in the service of the French Crown, attacked Jersey and Guernsey in 1372, and in 1373 [[Bertrand du Guesclin]] besieged [[Mont Orgueil]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090512190613/http://www.thisisjersey.com/community/history-heritage/bertrand-du-guesclin/ Bertrand du Guesclin: The Black Dog of Brittany]}} Thisisjersey.com, copyright 2010, accessed 31 October 2010.</ref> The young King [[Richard II of England]] reconfirmed in 1378 the Charter rights granted by his grandfather, followed in 1394 with a second Charter granting, because of great loyalty shown to the Crown, exemption forever, from English tolls, customs and duties.<ref name=Charters/>{{rp|5–10}} Jersey was occupied by the French in 1461 as part of an exchange for helping the Lancastrians fight against the Yorkists during [[The War of the Roses]]. It was retaken by the Yorkists in 1468. In 1483 a [[Papal bull]] decreed that the islands would be neutral during time of war. This privilege of neutrality enabled islanders to trade with both France and England and was respected until 1689 when it was abolished by [[Order in Council]] following the [[Glorious Revolution]] in Great Britain.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Various attempts to transfer the islands from the diocese of Coutances (to Nantes (1400), Salisbury (1496), and Winchester (1499)) had little effect until an Order in Council of 1569 brought the islands formally into the [[diocese of Winchester]]. Control by the bishop of Winchester was ineffectual as the islands had turned overwhelmingly [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] and the [[episcopacy]] was not restored until 1620 in Jersey and 1663 in Guernsey.<ref>{{citation |title= The Channel Islands |pages= 5–6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UlY6unhtCEAC&dq=Various+attempts+to+transfer+the+islands+from+the+diocese+of+Coutances+%28to+Nantes+%281400%29%2C+Salisbury+%281496%29%2C+and+Winchester+%281499%29%29+had+little+effect+until+an+Order+in+Council+of+1569+brought+the+islands+formally+into+the+diocese+of+Winchester.+Control+by+the+bishop+of+Winchester+was+ineffectual+as+the+islands+had+turned+overwhelmingly+Calvinist+and+the+episcopacy+was+not+restored+until+1620+in+Jersey+and+1663+in+Guernsey&pg=PA5}}, Google Books</ref>

After the loss of [[Calais]] in 1558, the Channel Islands were the last remaining English holdings in France and the only French territory that was controlled by the English kings as Kings of France. This situation lasted until the English kings dropped their title and claims to the French throne in 1801, confirming the Channel Islands in a situation of a crown dependency under the sovereignty of neither Great Britain nor France but of the British crown directly.

Sark in the 16th century was uninhabited until colonised from Jersey in the 1560s. The grant of [[seigneur]]ship from [[Elizabeth I of England]] in 1565 forms the basis of Sark's constitution today.