Editing Champa (section)

===Decline===
{{See also|History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars|Nam tiến}}
[[File:VietnamMac1540.gif|thumb|Territory of Champa (light green) after [[Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)]]]]
[[File:1801 Cary Map of the East Indies and Southeast Asia signifying Champa.png|thumb|235x235px|1801 map of Southeast Asia by [[John Cary]] showing [[Panduranga (Champa)|Panduranga]] Champa (Tsiompa)]]
[[File:Kiepert, Heinrich 1856 map of Hinter Indien (cropped).png|thumb|right|Former Cham territories after the Vietnamese annexation of Panduranga in 1832.]]
[[File:Chamic groups in Vietnam.png|thumb|Current distribution of Chams, [[Roglai language|Roglai]] and [[Chru language|Chru]] speakers in Vietnam.]]
In the [[Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)]], Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed. 50 members of the Cham royal family and some 20–30,000 were taken prisoners and deported, including the king of Champa [[Maha Sajan|Tra Toan]], who died along his way to the north in captivity.{{sfn|Kiernan|2009|p=110}}{{sfn|Hubert|2012|p=23}} Contemporary reports from China record a Cham envoy telling to the Chinese court: "Annam destroyed our country" with additional notes of massive burning and looting, in which 40 to 60,000 people were slaughtered.{{sfn|Kiernan|2009|pp=109–110}} The kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near [[Nha Trang]] and [[Phan Rang]] with many Chams fleeing to [[Cambodia]].{{sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|p=1210}}{{sfn|Schliesinger|2015|p=18}}

Champa was reduced to the principalities of [[Panduranga (Champa)|Panduranga]] and [[Kauthara]] at the beginning of the 16th century. Kauthara was annexed by the Vietnamese in 1653.{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=494}} From 1799 to 1832, Panduranga lost its hereditary monarchy status, with kings selected and appointed by the Vietnamese court in [[Huế]].

The last remaining principality of Champa, Panduranga, survived until August 1832, when [[Minh Mang]] of Vietnam began his purge against rival [[Le Van Duyet]]'s faction, and accused the Cham leaders of supporting Duyet.{{sfn|Wong|2008|p=67}} Minh Mang ordered the last Cham king [[Po Phaok The]] and the vice-king [[Po Dhar Kaok]] to be arrested in Hue, while incorporating the last remnants of Champa into what are the [[Ninh Thuan province|Ninh Thuan]] and [[Binh Thuan province]]s.{{sfn|Wong|2008|p=68}}{{sfn|Weber|2012|pp=164–166}}{{sfn|Weber|2012|pp=166–173}}

To enforce his finger grip, Minh Mang appointed Vietnamese bureaucrats from Hue to govern the Cham directly in ''phủ'' [[Ninh Thuan]] while removing the traditional Cham customary laws. Administratively, Panduranga was integrated into Vietnam proper with harsh measures. These reforms were known as ''cải thổ quy lưu'' ("replacing thổ [aboriginal] chieftains by circulating bureaucratic system"). Speaking [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and following Vietnamese customs became strictly mandatory for the Cham subjects. Cham culture and Cham identity were rapidly, systematically destroyed.{{sfn|Wong|2008|pp=72–74}} Vietnamese settlers seized most of Cham farmlands and commodity productions, pushing the Cham to far-inland arid highlands, and the Cham were subjected to heavy taxations and mandated conscriptions.{{sfn|Wong|2008|p=73}} Two widespread Cham revolts against Minh Mang's oppression arose in 1833–1835, the latter led by khatib [[Ja Thak Wa]] – a Cham Bani cleric – which was more successful and even briefly reestablished a [[Champa (Ja Thak Wa)|Cham state]] for a short period of time, before being crushed by Minh Mang's forces.{{sfn|Weber|2012|p=165}}{{sfn|Hubert|2012|p=25}}

The unfortunate defeat of the people of Panduranga in their struggle against Vietnamese oppression also sealed their and remnant of Champa's fate. A large chunk of the Cham in Panduranga were subjected to [[forced assimilation]] by the Vietnamese,{{sfn|Weber|2012|pp=173–175}}{{sfn|Weber|2012|pp=176–178}} while many Cham, including indigenous highland peoples, were indiscriminately killed by the Vietnamese in massacres, particularly from 1832 to 1836, during the Sumat and Ja Thak Wa uprisings. Bani mosques were razed to the ground. Temples were set on fire.{{sfn|Weber|2012|p=174}} Cham villages and their aquatic livelihoods were annihilated. By that time, the Cham totally lost their ancestors' seafaring and shipbuilding traditions.{{sfn|Wong|2008|p=71}}

After finalizing these heavy-handed pacifications of Cham rebels and assimilation policies, emperor Minh Mang declared the Cham of Panduranga a ''Tân Dân'' (new people), denoting the imposed mundanity that nothing to ever differentiate them with other Vietnamese.{{sfn|Wong|2008|p=74}} Minh Mang's son and successor [[Thiệu Trị]], however, reverted most of his father's strict policies against Catholic Christians and ethnic minorities. Under Thiệu Trị and [[Tu Duc]], the Cham were reallowed to practice their religions with little prohibition.{{sfn|Lockhart|2011|p=14}}

Only a small fraction, or about 40,000 Cham people in the old Panduranga remained in 1885 when the French completed their [[French conquest of Vietnam|acquisition of Vietnam]]. The French colonial administration prohibited Kinh discrimination and prejudice against Cham and indigenous highland peoples, putting an end to Vietnamese cultural genocide of the Cham. But French colonialists also exploited the ethnic hatred in situ between Vietnamese and Cham to deal with remnant of the [[Can Vuong movement]] in Binh Thuan.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=328}}