Editing Cerebrospinal fluid (section)

===Pressure===
{{Further|Cerebral shunt}}
'''CSF pressure''', as measured by [[lumbar puncture]], is 10–18&nbsp;[[Centimetre of water|cmH<sub>2</sub>O]] (8–15&nbsp;[[mmHg]] or 1.1–2&nbsp;[[kilopascal|kPa]]) with the patient lying on the side and 20–30 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (16–24&nbsp;mmHg or 2.1–3.2&nbsp;kPa) with the patient sitting up.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter14/chapter14CSF.html|title=Chapter 14 – Cerebrospinal Fluid :THE NORMAL CSF|date=May 2011|publisher=Northeast Ohio Medical University|work=Neuropathology| first = Dimitri | last = Agamanolis | name-list-style = vanc |access-date=2014-12-25}}</ref> In newborns, CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10 [[centimetre of water|cmH<sub>2</sub>O]] (4.4–7.3&nbsp;mmHg or 0.78–0.98&nbsp;kPa). Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of [[jugular vein]]s in the neck. When lying down, the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the [[intracranial pressure]].

[[Hydrocephalus]] is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B>{{cite book |editor1-first=Nicki R. |editor1-last=Colledge |editor2-first=Brian R. |editor2-last=Walker |editor3-first=Stuart H. |editor3-last=Ralston | name-list-style = vanc |title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine |year=2010 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7020-3084-0 |edition=21st |pages=1220–1}}</ref> Hydrocephalus can occur because of [[obstructive hydrocephalus|obstruction]] of the passage of CSF, such as from an infection, injury, mass, or [[congenital abnormality]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /><ref name=NIH2017 /> [[normal pressure hydrocephalus|Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure]] may also occur.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /> Symptoms can include [[gait dysfunction|problems with gait]] and [[Motor coordination|coordination]], [[urinary incontinence]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], and progressively impaired [[cognition]].<ref name=NIH2017 /> In infants, hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head, as the bones of the skull have not yet fused, seizures, irritability and drowsiness.<ref name=NIH2017 /> A [[CT scan]] or [[MRI scan]] may reveal enlargement of one or both lateral ventricles, or causative masses or lesions,<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /><ref name=NIH2017 /> and [[lumbar puncture]] may be used to demonstrate and in some circumstances relieve high intracranial pressure.<ref name=HARRISONS2015>{{cite book |last1=Kasper |first1=Dennis |last2=Fauci |first2=Anthony |last3=Hauser |first3=Stephen |last4=Longo |first4=Dan |last5=Jameson |first5=J. |last6=Loscalzo |first6=Joseph | name-list-style = vanc |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|date=2015|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-180215-4|edition=19|pages=2606–7}}</ref> Hydrocephalus is usually treated through the insertion of a [[Cerebral shunt|shunt]], such as a [[ventriculo-peritoneal shunt]], which diverts fluid to another part of the body.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /><ref name="NIH2017">{{cite web|title=Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Hydrocephalus-Fact-Sheet|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] is a condition of unknown cause characterized by a rise in CSF pressure. It is associated with headaches, [[double vision]], difficulties seeing, and a [[Papilledema|swollen optic disc]].<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /> It can occur in association with the use of vitamin A and [[tetracycline]] antibiotics, or without any identifiable cause at all, particularly in younger [[obese]] women.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B /> Management may include ceasing any known causes, a [[carbonic anhydrase inhibitor]] such as [[acetazolamide]], repeated drainage via lumbar puncture, or the insertion of a shunt such as a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010B />