Editing Carthage (section)

==Modern history==
[[File:Plan Tunis et ses environs - 1903.jpg|thumb|Historical map of the Tunis area (1903), showing [[Acropolium of Carthage|St. Louis of Carthage]] between [[Sidi Bou Said]] and [[Le Kram]]]]
[[File:The first published sketch of tombstones from Carthage (Jean Emile Humbert).jpg|thumb|right|The first published sketch of artefacts from Carthage – mostly [[Carthaginian tombstones]]. This was published in [[Jean Emile Humbert]]'s ''Notice sur quatre cippes sépulcraux et deux fragments, découverts en 1817, sur le sol de l'ancienne Carthage''.]]
Carthage is some {{convert|15|km|abbr=off}} east-northeast of Tunis; the settlements nearest to Carthage were the town of [[Sidi Bou Said]] to the north and the village of [[Le Kram]] to the south. Sidi Bou Said was a village which had grown around the tomb of the eponymous [[sufi]] saint (d. 1231), which had been developed into a town under [[Ottoman Tunisia|Ottoman rule]] in the 18th century. Le Kram was developed in the late 19th century under [[French Tunisia|French administration]] as a settlement close to the port of [[La Goulette]].

In 1881, Tunisia became a [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French protectorate]], and in the same year [[Charles Lavigerie]], who was archbishop of Algiers, became [[apostolic administrator]] of the vicariate of Tunis. In the following year, Lavigerie became a [[cardinalate|cardinal]]. He "saw himself as the reviver of the ancient Christian Church of Africa, the Church of [[Cyprian]] of Carthage",<ref>{{cite book|first=Adrian|last=Hastings|chapter=The Victorian Missionary|doi=10.1093/0198263996.003.0007|title=The Church in Africa, 1450–1950|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|orig-year=1994|isbn=978-0198263999|series=history of the Christian Church|page=255|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4x7g1w90SkC&pg=PA255}}</ref> and, on 10 November 1884, was successful in his great ambition of having the [[metropolitan see]] of Carthage restored, with himself as its first archbishop.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lavigerie, Charles Martial Allemand}}</ref> In line with the declaration of [[Pope Leo IX]] in 1053, [[Pope Leo XIII]] acknowledged the revived Archdiocese of Carthage as the [[primate (bishop)|primatial]] see of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] and Lavigerie as primate.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12423b.htm Joseph Sollier, "Charles-Martial-Allemand Lavigerie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225239/http://newadvent.org/cathen/12423b.htm |date=2010-06-12 }} in ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (New York 1910)
{{cite book|title=The next christendom : the coming of global Christianity|first=Philip|last=Jenkins|location=Oxford [u.a.]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0199767465|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAKmFFfG3sC&pg=PA46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Schaff–Herzog|title=Lavigerie, Charles Martial Allemand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GREMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA425|first=|last=|volume=6|page=425}}
In 1964, the episcopal see of Carthage had to be de-established again, in a compromise reached with the government of [[Habib Bourguiba]], which permitted the Catholic Church in Tunisia to retain legal personality and representation by the [[prelate nullius|prelate ''nullius'']] of Tunis.
</ref>

The [[Acropolium of Carthage]] (Saint Louis Cathedral of Carthage) was erected on [[Byrsa]] hill in 1884.

===Archaeological sites===
{{See also|Punic people#Genetics}}
[[File:Plan du terrain et des ruines de Carthage - levé et dessiné en 1831 par Falbe... - btv1b530984294.jpg|thumb|1833 map from the first modern archeological publication on Carthage, by [[Christian Tuxen Falbe]]]]
The Danish consul [[Christian Tuxen Falbe]] conducted a first survey of the topography of the archaeological site (published in 1833).
Antiquarian interest was intensified following the publication of Flaubert's ''[[Salammbô]]'' in 1858. [[Charles Ernest Beulé]] performed some preliminary excavations of Roman remains on Byrsa hill in 1860.<ref>Charles Ernest Beulé, ''Fouilles à Carthage'', éd. Imprimerie impériale, Paris, 1861.</ref> In 1866, [[Muhammad Khaznadar]], the son of the [[Prime Minister of Tunisia]], carried out the first locally led excavations. A more systematic survey of both Punic and Roman-era remains is due to [[Alfred Louis Delattre]], who was sent to Tunis by cardinal [[Charles Lavigerie]] in 1875 on both an apostolic and an archaeological mission.<ref>Azedine Beschaouch, ''La légende de Carthage'', éd. Découvertes Gallimard, Paris, 1993, p. 94.</ref>
Audollent cites Delattre and Lavigerie to the effect that in the 1880s, locals still knew the area of the ancient city under the name of ''Cartagenna'' (i.e. reflecting the Latin ''n''-stem ''Carthāgine'').<ref name=Audetym>Audollent, ''Carthage Romaine, 146 avant Jésus-Christ – 698 après Jésus-Christ'' 1901, [http://www.mediterranee-antique.fr/Auteurs/Fichiers/ABC/Audollent/Carthage/Cart_203.htm p. 203])</ref>

[[Auguste Audollent]] divided the area of Roman Carthage into four quarters, ''Cartagenna'', ''Dermèche'', ''Byrsa'' and ''[[Cisterns of La Malga|La Malga]]''. Cartagenna and Dermèche correspond with the lower city, including the site of Punic Carthage; Byrsa is associated with the upper city, which in Punic times was a walled citadel above the harbour; and ''La Malga'' is linked with the more remote parts of the upper city in Roman times.

French-led excavations at Carthage began in 1921, and from 1923 reported finds of a large quantity of urns containing a mixture of animal and children's bones. [[René Dussaud]] identified a 4th-century BC stela found in Carthage as depicting a child sacrifice.<ref>Dussaud, Bulletin Archéologique (1922), p. 245.</ref>

A temple at [[Amman]] (1400–1250 BC) excavated and reported upon by [[Basil Hennessy|J.B. Hennessy]] in 1966, shows the possibility of bestial and human sacrifice by fire. While evidence of child sacrifice in Canaan was the object of academic disagreement, with some scholars arguing that merely children's cemeteries had been unearthed in Carthage, the mixture of children's with animal bones as well as associated epigraphic evidence involving mention of ''mlk'' led some to believe that, at least in Carthage, [[Tophet#Carthage and the western Mediterranean|child sacrifice]] was indeed common practice.<ref>J.B. Hennessey, Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1966)</ref> However, though the animals were surely sacrificed, this does not entirely indicate that the infants were, and in fact the bones indicate the opposite. Rather, the animal sacrifice was likely done to, in some way, honour the deceased.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Jeffery H. |last2=Houghton |first2=Frank |last3=Macchiarelli |first3=Roberto|last4=Bondioli |first4=Luca |date=2010-02-17 |title=Skeletal Remains from Punic Carthage Do Not Support Systematic Sacrifice of Infants |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e9177 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009177 |pmid=20174667 |pmc=2822869 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...5.9177S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A study conducted in 1970 by M. Chabeuf, the then Doctor of Science from the University of Paris, showed little difference between 17 modern Tunisians, and 68 Punic remains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chabeuf |first=Maurice |date=1970 |title=Contribution à la craniométrie des Algériens modernes |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1970_num_6_3_2200 |journal=Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.3406/bmsap.1970.2200}}</ref> An analysis the following year on 42 North-West African skulls dating back to Roman times concluded that they were overall similar to modern Berbers and other Mediterranean populations, especially eastern Iberians. They also noted the presence of one outlier in Tunisia who appears to have inherited mechtoid traits, which led them to hypothesize the persistence of such affinities well into the Punic and Roman era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boulinier |first1=Georges |last2=Chabeuf |first2=Maurice |date=1971 |title=Les squelettes " romains " et paléochrétiens du Musée d'Alger; remarques sur le peuplement préislamique de l'Afrique du Nord |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1971_num_7_1_2007 |journal=Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=7–43 |doi=10.3406/bmsap.1971.2007}}</ref>

M. C. Chamla and D Ferembach (1988) in their entry dealing with the craniometric conclusions of Protohistorical Algerians and Punics in the region of Tunisia, found strong sexual dimorphism with male skulls being robust. Mediterranean elements were dominant, but Mechtoid features, as well as 'Negroid' traits were present in some of the samples. Overall, Punic burials showed affinities with Algerians, Roman Era skulls from Tarragona (Spain), Guanches, and to a lesser extent Abydos (XVIIIth dynasty), Etruscans, Bronze Age Syrians (Euphrates) and skulls from Lozere (France). The anthropological position of the Algerian and [[Punic people]] when it comes to populations of the Mediterranean Basin agreed quite well with the geographical situation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chamla |first1=M.-C. |last2=Ferembach |first2=D. |date=1988-04-01 |title=Anthropologie (Partie II) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2896 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=5 |pages=713–775 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2896 |issn=1015-7344|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Jehan Desanges stated that "In the Punic burial grounds, negroid remains were not rare and there were black auxiliaries in the Carthaginian army who were certainly not Nilotics".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA238 |title=General History of Africa Vol .2: Ancient civilizations of Africa |date=1990 |publisher=J. Currey |isbn=0852550928 |edition=Abridged |location=London |pages=238}}</ref>

In 1990, Shomarka Keita, a biological anthropologist, had conducted a craniometric study which featured a set of remains from Northern Africa. He examined a sample of 49 Maghreban crania which included skulls from pre-Roman Carthage and concluded that, although they were heterogeneous, many of them showed physical similarities to crania from equatorial Africa, ancient Egypt, and Kush; with most having traits conforming to the northern (Lower) Egyptian pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |date=September 1990 |title=Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330830105 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330830105 |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=2221029 |quote=The analyses demonstrate the metric heterogeneity of pre-Roman mid-Holocene Maghreban crania. The range of variation in the restricted area described extends from a tropical African metric pattern to a European one and supports the phenotypic variability observed in and near Carthage by ancient writers and in morphological studies. Thus the population emerges as a composite entity, no doubt also containing hybrid individuals. However, the centroid value of the combined Maghreb series indicates that the major craniometric pattern is most similar to that of northern dynastic Egyptians. Furthermore, the series from the coastal Maghreb and northern (Lower) Egypt are more similar to one another than they are to any other series by centroid values and unknown analyses.}}</ref> S.O.Y. Keita's later report in 2018, found the pre-Roman Carthaginian series to be intermediate between the Phoenician and Maghreban. He noted the findings are consistent with an interpretation that it reflects both local and Levantine ancestry due to specific interactions in the ancient period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keita |first=S.O.Y. |date=2018 |title=Brief Report: Carthaginian Affinities with Ancient and Recent Maghreban and Levantine Groups: Craniometric Analyses Using Distance and Discrimination |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44988676 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=133–137 |doi=10.1007/s10437-018-9285-3 |jstor=44988676 |s2cid=165330295 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref>

Joel. D. Irish, when measuring for dental affinities in 2001, found strong similarities and very small distances between the Canary Islanders and Punic Carthaginians (who originated in West Asia), suggesting a particularly close affinity, despite the geographic distance between these two populations. This result according to Irish, may reflect Berber/Carthaginian admixture. Overall, the findings discovered that "the Canary Island sample is most similar to the four samples from Northwest Africa: the Shawia Berbers, Kabyle Berbers, Bedouin Arabs and Carthaginians, less similar to the three Egyptian samples and least like the three Nubian samples."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guatelli-Steinberg |first1=D. |last2=Irish |first2=J. D. |last3=Lukacs |first3=J. R. |date=2001 |title=Canary islands-north African population affinities: measures of divergence based on dental morphology |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11802567/ |journal=Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=173–188 |doi=10.1078/0018-442x-00027 |issn=0018-442X |pmid=11802567}}</ref>

In 2016, an ancient Carthaginian individual, who was excavated from a Punic tomb in Byrsa Hill, was found to belong to the rare [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5b2c1]] maternal haplogroup. The Young Man of Byrsa specimen dates from the late 6th century BC, and his lineage is believed to represent early gene flow from [[Iberia]] to the [[Maghreb]]. Craniometric analysis of the young man indicated likely Mediterranean/European ancestry as opposed to African or Asian.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S |title=A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa|journal=PLOS ONE|date=May 25, 2016|volume=11|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155046|display-authors=etal|pages=e0155046|pmid=27224451|pmc=4880306|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1155046M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Climate change====
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Due to its coastal location, Carthage Archeological Site is vulnerable to [[sea level rise]]. In 2022, the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] included it in the list of African cultural sites which would be threatened by [[flooding]] and [[coastal erosion]] by the end of the century, but only if [[climate change]] followed [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], which is the scenario of high and continually increasing [[greenhouse gas]] emissions associated with the warming of over {{Convert|4|C-change}},<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 2043–2121</ref> and is no longer considered very likely.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–620|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free}}</ref> The other, more plausible scenarios result in lower warming levels and consequently lower sea level rise: yet, sea levels would continue to increase for about 10,000 years under all of them.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Even if the warming is limited to {{Convert|1.5|C-change}}, global sea level rise is still expected to exceed {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} after 2,000 years (and higher warming levels will see larger increases by then), consequently exceeding 2,100 levels of sea level rise under RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with a range of {{convert|0.5–1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) well before the year 4000. Thus, it is a matter of time before the Carthage Archeological Site is threatened by rising water levels, unless it can be protected by adaptation efforts such as [[sea wall]]s.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 3−32, {{doi|10.1017/9781009157896.001}}.</ref>

===Commune===
{{main|Carthage (municipality)}}

The commune of Carthage was created by a decree of the [[Bey of Tunis]] on 15 June 1919,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Creation Date |url=http://www.commune-carthage.gov.tn/en/index.php?srub=262&rub=248 |website=commune-carthage.gov.tn}}</ref> during the rule of [[Muhammad V an-Nasir|Naceur Bey]].

In 1920, the first [[seaplane]] base was built on the [[Lake of Tunis]] for the seaplanes of Compagnie Aéronavale.<ref name="BonnichonGény2012">{{cite book|author1=Philippe Bonnichon|author2=Pierre Gény|author3=Jean Nemo|title=Présences françaises outre-mer, XVIe–XXIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSSFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|year=2012|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0737-6|page=453}}</ref> The Tunis Airfield opened in 1938, serving around 5,800 passengers annually on the Paris-[[Tunis]] route.<ref name="Staff1954">{{cite book|author=Encyclopedie Mensuelle d'Outre-mer staff|title=Tunisia 54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbwqAAAAMAAJ&q=Compagnie+Aeronavale|year=1954|publisher=Negro Universities Press|page=166|isbn=978-0837124421}}</ref>
During World War II, the airport was used by the [[United States Army Air Forces|United States Army Air Force]] [[Twelfth Air Force]] as a headquarters and command control base for the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of 1943.
Construction on the [[Tunis-Carthage Airport]], which was fully funded by France, began in 1944, and in 1948 the airport become the main hub for [[Tunisair]].

In the 1950s the [[Lycée Français de Carthage]] was established to serve French families in Carthage. In 1961 it was given to the Tunisian government as part of the [[Independence of Tunisia]], so the nearby Collège Maurice Cailloux in [[La Marsa]], previously an annex of the Lycée Français de Carthage, was renamed to the Lycée Français de La Marsa and began serving the ''lycée'' level. It is currently the [[Lycée Gustave Flaubert (La Marsa)|Lycée Gustave Flaubert]].<ref name=Quisommenous>"[http://www.erlm.tn/lgf/sommes/ Qui sommes nous ?]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20151107080203/http://www.erlm.tn/lgf/sommes/ Archive]). [[Lycée Gustave Flaubert (La Marsa)]]. Retrieved on February 24, 2016.</ref>

After Tunisian independence in 1956, the Tunis conurbation gradually extended around the airport, and Carthage (قرطاج ''Qarṭāj'') is now a suburb of Tunis, covering the area between Sidi Bou Said and Le Kram.<ref name="RingSalkin1996">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA177|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-03-9|page=177}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1443DZAtH8C&pg=PA1615|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=1615|id=GGKEY:C6Z1Y8ZWS0N}}</ref> Its population as of January 2013 was estimated at 21,276,<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Information: Population|url=http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rep_population.php|publisher=National Institute of Statistics – Tunisia|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035238/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rep_population.php|url-status=dead}}; up from 15,922 in 2004 ({{cite web|title=Population, ménages et logements par unité administrative|url=http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer|publisher=National Institute of Statistics – Tunisia|access-date=3 January 2014|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015451/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer|archive-date=7 December 2013}})</ref>
mostly attracting the more wealthy residents.<ref>David Lambert, ''Notables des colonies. Une élite de circonstance en Tunisie et au Maroc (1881–1939)'', éd. Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, 2009, pp. 257–258</ref> If Carthage is not the capital, it tends to be the political pole, a "place of emblematic power" according to [[Sophie Bessis]],<ref name="bessis">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_09/fr/signes/intro.htm Sophie Bessis,"Défendre Carthage, encore et toujours", ''Le Courrier de l'Unesco'', September 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613164329/http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_09/fr/signes/intro.htm |date=2007-06-13 }}</ref> leaving to Tunis the economic and administrative roles. The [[Carthage Palace]] (the Tunisian presidential palace) is located in the coast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=648961&publicationSubCategoryId=200|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908214230/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=648961&publicationSubCategoryId=200|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2012|agency=philSTAR.com|title=More Tunisia unrest: Presidential palace gunbattle|date=17 January 2011|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref>

The suburb has six train stations of the [[Tunis-Goulette-Marsa|TGM]] line between Le Kram and Sidi Bou Said:
Carthage Salammbo (named for the ancient children's cemetery where it stands), Carthage Byrsa (named for [[Byrsa]] hill), Carthage Dermech (''Dermèche''), Carthage Hannibal (named for [[Hannibal]]), Carthage Présidence (named for the [[Carthage Palace|Presidential Palace]]) and Carthage Amilcar (named for [[Hamilcar Barca|Hamilcar]]).
<!--In February 1985, [[Ugo Vetere]], the mayor of Rome, and Chedly Klibi, the mayor of Carthage, signed a symbolic treaty "officially" ending the conflict between their cities, which had been supposedly [[List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity|extended by the lack of a peace treaty]] for more than 2,100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198503/delenda.est.carthago.htm|title=Saudi Aramco World :
Delenda est Carthago|work=saudiaramcoworld.com}}</ref>
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