Editing Carl Linnaeus (section)

===George Clifford, Philip Miller, and Johann Jacob Dillenius===
{{multiple image|footer = Leaf forms from ''{{lang|la|[[Hortus Cliffortianus]]}}''|image1 = Hortus Cliffortianus folia simpl.png|alt1=Folia Simplicia|width1=107|image2=Hortus Cliffortianus folia compos.png|alt2=Folia Composita et Folia Determinata|width2=106}}

In August 1735, during Linnaeus's stay with Burman, he met [[George Clifford III]], a director of the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of [[Hartekamp]] in [[Heemstede]]. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus's ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of [[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane's]] ''Natural History of Jamaica'', a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], p. 64.</ref><ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], pp. 81–82.</ref> On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus moved to Hartekamp to become personal physician to Clifford, and curator of Clifford's herbarium. He was paid 1,000 [[florin]]s a year, with free board and lodging. Though the agreement was only for a winter of that year, Linnaeus practically stayed there until 1738.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland (1735–2015): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook|year=2015|publisher=Soyinfo Center|location=California|isbn=978-1-928914-80-8|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gtpCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> It was here that he wrote a book ''Hortus Cliffortianus'', in the preface of which he described his experience as "the happiest time of my life". (A portion of Hartekamp was declared as public garden in April 1956 by the Heemstede local authority, and was named "Linnaeushof".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanner|first1=Vasco M.|title=Carl Linnaeus contributions and collections|journal=The Great Basin Naturalist|year=1959|volume=19|issue=1|pages=27–34|url=https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/wnan/article/viewFile/30161/28624|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310055525/https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/wnan/article/viewFile/30161/28624|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It eventually became, as it is claimed, the biggest playground in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Linnaeushof|url=http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/article/linnaeushof-1.htm|website=Hollan.com|access-date=17 February 2016|date=17 January 2013|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202033807/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/article/linnaeushof-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>)

In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense.<ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], pp. 106–107.</ref> He went to London to visit Sir Hans Sloane, a collector of natural history, and to see his [[cabinet of curiosities|cabinet]],<ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], p. 89.</ref> as well as to visit the [[Chelsea Physic Garden]] and its keeper, [[Philip Miller]]. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in ''{{lang|la|Systema Naturae}}''. At first, Miller was reluctant to use the new [[binomial nomenclature]], preferring instead the classifications of [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] and [[John Ray]]. Nevertheless, Linnaeus applauded Miller's ''Gardeners Dictionary''.<ref>''Non erit Lexicon Hortulanorum, sed etiam Botanicorum'', that the book will be, not just a lexicon of gardeners, but of botanists."; noted in Paterson 1986:40–41.</ref> The conservative Miller actually retained in his dictionary a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of ''[[The Gardeners Dictionary]]'' of 1768. Miller ultimately was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus's system.<ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], pp. 89–90.</ref>

Linnaeus also travelled to Oxford University to visit the botanist [[Johann Jacob Dillenius]]. He failed to make Dillenius publicly fully accept his new classification system, though the two men remained in correspondence for many years afterwards. Linnaeus dedicated his ''Critica Botanica'' to him, as "''opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non-vidit''". Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honour. He then returned to Hartekamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants.<ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], pp. 90–93.</ref> The next year, 1737, he published ''{{lang|la|[[Genera Plantarum]]}}'', in which he described 935 [[Genus|genera]] of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with ''{{lang|la|Corollarium Generum Plantarum}}'', with another sixty (''sexaginta'') genera.<ref>[[#Stöver|Stöver (1794)]], p. 95.</ref>

His work at Hartekamp led to another book, ''{{lang|la|[[Hortus Cliffortianus]]}}'', a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartekamp. He wrote it in nine months (completed in July 1737), but it was not published until 1738.<ref name="Blunt100-102"/> It contains the first use of the name ''[[Nepenthes]]'', which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of [[pitcher plant]]s.<ref>[[#Veitch|Veitch (1897)]]</ref><ref group=note name=nepenthes>"If this is not Helen's ''[[Nepenthe]]s'', it certainly will be for all botanists. What botanist would not be filled with admiration if, after a long journey, he should find this wonderful plant. In his astonishment past ills would be forgotten when beholding this admirable work of the Creator!" (translated from Latin by [[Harry Veitch]])</ref>

Linnaeus stayed with Clifford at Hartekamp until 18 October 1737 (new style), when he left the house to return to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such as [[Antoine de Jussieu]]. After his return, Linnaeus never again left Sweden.<ref>[[#Blunt2001|Blunt (2001)]], p. 123.</ref><ref name="Koerner56">[[#Koerner|Koerner (1999)]], p. 56.</ref>