Editing Carbine (section)

==Pistol-caliber carbines==

[[File:Marlin Model 1894C .357 Magnum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Marlin Model 1894|Marlin 1894C]] .357 Magnum carbine]]
The typical carbine is the pistol-caliber carbine. These first appeared soon after metallic cartridges became common. These were developed as "companions" to the popular [[revolver]]s of the day, firing the same cartridge but allowing more velocity and accuracy than the revolver. These were carried by [[cowboy]]s, lawmen, and others in the [[Old West]]. The classic combination would be a [[Winchester rifle|Winchester]] lever-action carbine and a [[Colt Single Action Army]] revolver in [[.44-40 Winchester|.44-40]] or [[.38-40 Winchester|.38-40]]. During the 20th century, this trend continued with more modern and powerful smokeless revolver cartridges, in the form of [[Winchester Model 1894|Winchester]] and [[Marlin Model 1894|Marlin]] lever action carbines [[chamber (firearms)|chambered]] in [[.38 Special]]/[[.357 Magnum]] and [[.44 Special]]/[[.44 Magnum]].

Modern equivalents include the [[Ruger PC carbine]], which uses the same magazine as the Ruger [[pistol]]s of the same caliber, and the (discontinued) [[Marlin Camp carbine]], which, in [[.45 ACP]], used M1911 magazines. The [[Ruger Model 44]] and [[Ruger Deerfield carbine]] were both carbines chambered in .44 Magnum. The [[Beretta Cx4 Storm]] shares magazines with many [[Beretta]] pistols and is designed to be complementary to the [[Beretta Px4 Storm]] pistol. The [[Hi-Point carbine|Hi-Point 995TS]] are popular, economical and reliable alternatives to other pistol caliber carbines in the United States, and their magazines can be used in the [[Hi-Point C-9 and C-9 Comp|Hi-Point C-9]] pistol. Another example is the [[Kel-Tec SUB-2000]] series chambered in either [[9mm Parabellum]] or [[.40 S&W]], which can be configured to accept Glock, Beretta, S&W, or SIG pistol magazines. The SUB-2000 also has the somewhat unusual (although not unique) ability to fold in half.

[[File:Ruger-PC-Carbine-9mm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ruger PC carbine in [[9×19mm Parabellum]]]]
[[File:Kel-Tec-Sub-2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Kel-Tec SUB-2000]] carbine in [[9×19mm Parabellum]]]]

The primary advantage of a carbine over a pistol using the same ammunition is controllability. The combination of firing from the shoulder, longer sight-radius, three points of contact (firing hand, support hand, and shoulder), and precision offer a significantly more user-friendly platform. Many carbines have the ability to mount optics, lights and lasers to accessory rails, which make target acquisition and engagement much easier.
[[File:JR-Carbine-9mm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Just Right Carbines (JC carbine) in [[9×19mm Parabellum]] with 3-9 X 42mm scope and red dot sight]]

The longer barrel can offer increased velocity and, with it, greater energy and effective range due to the propellant having more time to burn. However, loss in bullet velocity can happen where the propellant is utilised before the bullet reaches the muzzle, combined with the friction from the barrel on the bullet. As long guns, pistol-caliber carbines may be less legally restricted than handguns in some jurisdictions. Compared to carbines chambered in [[intermediate cartridge|intermediate]] or [[rifle cartridge|rifle]] calibers, such as [[.223 Remington]] and [[7.62×54mmR]], pistol-caliber carbines generally experience less of an increase in [[external ballistics|external ballistic]] properties as a result of the [[smokeless powder#Physical variations|propellant]]. The drawback is that one loses the primary benefits of a handgun, i.e. portability and concealability, resulting in a weapon almost the size of, but less accurate than, a long-gun, but not much more powerful than a pistol.

Also widely produced are semi-automatic and typically longer-barreled derivatives of select-fire [[submachine gun]]s, such as the [[FN P90#Semi-automatic models|FN PS90]], [[Heckler & Koch UMP#Variants|HK USC]], [[Spectre M4]],<ref>https://www.firearmsnews.com/editorial/sites-spectre-hc-pistol/491912</ref> [[KRISS Vector]], [[Thompson submachine gun|Thompson carbine]], [[CZ Scorpion Evo 3|CZ Scorpion S1 carbine]], and the [[Uzi#Civilian variants|Uzi carbine]]. In order to be sold legally in many countries, the barrel must meet a minimum length ({{convert|16|in}} in the United States). So the original submachine gun is given a legal-length barrel and made into a semi-automatic firearm, transforming it into a carbine. Though less common, pistol-caliber conversions of [[Centerfire ammunition|centerfire]] rifles like the [[AR-15]] are commercially available.

===Land defence pistol===
During the [[Apartheid]] era of South Africa and the [[Rhodesian Bush War]]/[[South African Border War]], a semi-automatic-only pistol-calibre carbine based on submachine guns existed for civilian personal protection as ''land defence pistol''s (LDP).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/ldp-kommando-the-rhuzi/ | title=LDP / Kommando: The "Rhuzi" | date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Known examples were the Bell & White 84,<ref>Soldier of Fortune. SOF Weapons, Bell & White 84, South Africa's New Machine Pistol. Text & Photos by Brady Ridgeway. February 86, Page 30.</ref> BHS Rhogun, [[MAC-10#Cobra carbine|Cobra Mk1]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30029445 | title=Cobra Mk1 pistol-carbine }}</ref> GM-16, Kommando LDP,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2071 | title=THE KOMMANDO L.D.P. - Small Arms Review | date=February 2004 }}</ref> Northwood R-76,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/136070368069/northwood-r-76-the-northwood-r-76-was-9mm/embed | title=Tumblr }}</ref> Paramax, [[Sanna 77]] and TS III.

===Shoulder-stocked handgun===
[[File:Mauser C96 M1916 Red 9 7.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Mauser C96]] "Red 9" variant with attached [[Stock (firearms)|shoulder-stock]]]]
Some handguns used to come from the factory with mounting lugs for a shoulder stock, notably including the "Broomhandle" [[Mauser C96]], [[Luger pistol|Luger P.08]], and [[Browning Hi-Power]]. In the case of the first two, the pistol could come with a hollow wooden stock that doubled as a holster.

Carbine conversion kits are commercially available for many other pistols, including [[M1911 pistol|M1911]], and most [[Glock]]s. These can either be simple shoulder stocks fitted to a pistol or full carbine conversion kits, which are at least {{convert|26|in|mm|abbr=on}} long and replace the pistol's barrel with one at least {{convert|16|in|mm|abbr=on}} long for compliance with the United States law. In the United States, fitting a shoulder stock to a handgun with a barrel less than {{convert|16|in}} long possibly turns said firearm into a [[short-barreled rifle]], which may be in violation of the [[National Firearms Act]]; this is currently being adjudicated by the courts.