Editing Cane toad (section)

===Caribbean===
The cane toad was introduced to various Caribbean islands to counter a number of pests infesting local crops.<ref name="Lever2001p67">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|page=67}}</ref> While it was able to establish itself on some islands, such as [[Barbados]], [[Jamaica]], [[Hispaniola]] and [[Puerto Rico]], other introductions, such as in [[Cuba]] before 1900 and in 1946, and on the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Grand Cayman]], were unsuccessful.<ref name="Lever2001p73-74">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|pages=73–74}}</ref>

The earliest recorded introductions were to Barbados and [[Martinique]]. The Barbados introductions were focused on the biological control of pests damaging the sugarcane crops,<ref name="Lever2001p71">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|page=71}}</ref> and while the toads became abundant, they have done even less to control the pests than in Australia.<ref name="KennedyLever2001p72">Kennedy, Anthony quoted in {{Harvnb|Lever|2001|page=72}}</ref> The toad was introduced to Martinique from [[French Guiana]] before 1944 and became established. Today, they reduce the [[mosquito]] and [[mole cricket]] populations.<ref name="Lever2001p81">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|page=81}}</ref> A third introduction to the region occurred in 1884, when toads appeared in Jamaica, reportedly imported from Barbados to help control the rodent population. While they had no significant effect on the rats, they nevertheless became well established.<ref name="Lever2001p78-79">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|pages=78–79}}</ref> Other introductions include the release on [[Antigua]]—possibly before 1916, although this initial population may have died out by 1934 and been reintroduced at a later date<ref name="Easteal1981p98">{{Harvnb|Easteal|1981|page=98}}</ref>—and [[Montserrat]], which had an introduction before 1879 that led to the establishment of a solid population, which was apparently sufficient to survive the [[Soufrière Hills|Soufrière Hills volcano]] eruption in 1995.<ref name="Lever2001p81-82">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|pages=81–82}}</ref>

In 1920, the cane toad was introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of [[Phyllophaga|white grub]] (''Phyllophaga'' spp.), a sugarcane pest.<ref name="Tyler1989p112">{{Harvnb|Tyler|1989|page=112}}</ref> Before this, the pests were manually collected by humans, so the introduction of the toad eliminated labor costs.<ref name="Tyler1989p112" /> A second group of toads was imported in 1923, and by 1932, the cane toad was well established.<ref name="VanVolkenberg1935">{{Harvnb|Van Volkenberg|1935|pages=278–279}}. "After a completely successful method of killing white grubs by chemical means was found, the only opportunities for its use in Puerto Rico have been limited to small areas in pineapple plantations at elevations where the toad is even yet not present in sufficient abundance."</ref> The population of white grubs dramatically decreased,<ref name="Tyler1989p112" /> and this was attributed to the cane toad at the annual meeting of the International Sugar Cane Technologists in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Tyler1989p113">{{Harvnb|Tyler|1989|page=113}}</ref> However, there may have been other factors.<ref name="Tyler1989p113" /> The six-year period after 1931—when the cane toad was most prolific, and the white grub had a dramatic decline—had the highest-ever rainfall for Puerto Rico.<ref name="Freeland1985p211-215">{{Harvnb|Freeland|1985|pages=211–215}}</ref> Nevertheless, the cane toad was assumed to have controlled the white grub; this view was reinforced by a ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' article titled "Toads save sugar crop",<ref name="Tyler1989p113" /> and this led to large-scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific.<ref name="Tyler1989p113-115">{{Harvnb|Tyler|1989|pages=113–115}}</ref>

The cane toad has been spotted in [[Carriacou]] and [[Dominica]], the latter appearance occurring in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions.<ref name="Lever2001p72-73">{{Harvnb|Lever|2001|pages=72–73}}</ref>  On September 8, 2013, the cane toad was also discovered on the island of [[New Providence]] in the Bahamas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2013/sep/06/killer-toad-found-new-providence/|title=Killer Toad Found in New Providence |publisher=Tribute 242|access-date=2013-09-07}}</ref>