Editing Campylobacter (section)

== Treatment ==
The infection is usually self-limiting and, in most cases, symptomatic treatment by liquid and electrolyte replacement is sufficient to treat human infections. Symptoms typically last 5–7 days.<ref name="CDC2013"/> Treatment with antibiotics has only a minor effect on the typical duration of the infection in non-complex cases, and is discouraged except in high-risk patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ternhag |first=Anders |last2=Asikainen |first2=Tommi |last3=Giesecke |first3=Johan |last4=Ekdahl |first4=Karl |date=2007-03-01 |title=A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on Duration of Symptoms Caused by Infection with Campylobacter Species |url= |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=696–700 |doi=10.1086/509924 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=17278062}}</ref> <!-- as of November 2016, most recent 'ideal' MEDRS - not a controversial/fast-moving issue  -->
Diagnosis of campylobacteriosis is made by testing a fecal specimen. Standard treatment in high-risk cases is [[azithromycin]], a [[macrolide]] antibiotic, especially for ''Campylobacter'' infections in children,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vukelic |first=Dalibor |last2=Trkulja |first2=Vladimir |last3=Salkovic-Petrisic |first3=Melita |date=April 2010 |title=Single oral dose of azithromycin versus 5 days of oral erythromycin or no antibiotic in treatment of ''Campylobacter'' enterocolitis in children: a prospective randomized assessor-blind study |journal=Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=404–10 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a87104 |pmid=19881393 |s2cid=22460970 |doi-access=free}}</ref> although other antibiotics, such as quinolones, tetracycline and other macrolides are sometimes used to treat gastrointestinal ''Campylobacter'' infections in adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gendrel |first1=D. |last2=Cohen |first2=R. |author3=European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases |author4=European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition |title=Diarrhées bactériennes et antibiotiques : les recommandations européennes |trans-title=Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations |language=fr |journal=Archives de Pédiatrie |date=October 2008 |volume=15 |pages=S93–S96 |doi=10.1016/S0929-693X(08)74223-4 |pmid=19000862 }}</ref> In case of systemic infection, other bactericidal antibiotics are used, such as [[ampicillin]], [[amoxicillin/clavulanic acid]], or [[aminoglycoside]]s. [[Fluoroquinolone]] antibiotics, such as [[ciprofloxacin]] or [[levofloxacin]], may no longer be effective in some cases, due to resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehtopolku |first=Mirva |last2=Nakari |first2=Ulla-Maija |last3=Kotilainen |first3=Pirkko |last4=Huovinen |first4=Pentti |last5=Siitonen |first5=Anja |last6=Hakanen |first6=Antti J. |date=March 2010 |title=Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Strains: In Vitro Activities of 20 Antimicrobial Agents |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.00898-09 |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |language=en |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1236 |doi=10.1128/AAC.00898-09 |issn=0066-4804 |pmc=2825995 |pmid=20038624}}</ref> In addition to antibiotics, dehydrated patients may require intravenous fluid treatment in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mortensen |first=Nicolay |last2=Jonasson |first2=Solveig Aalstad |last3=Lavesson |first3=Ingrid Viola |last4=Emberland |first4=Knut Erik |last5=Litleskare |first5=Sverre |last6=Wensaas |first6=Knut-Arne |last7=Rortveit |first7=Guri |author7-link=Guri Rørtveit |last8=Langeland |first8=Nina |last9=Hanevik |first9=Kurt |date=2021-03-23 |title=Characteristics of hospitalized patients during a large waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Norway |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248464 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e0248464 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0248464 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7987138 |pmid=33755697 |doi-access=free}}</ref>