Editing Cambridge (section)

== Geography and environment ==
[[File:cmglee Cambridge aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Cambridge]]
[[File:Clare Colllege Cambridge.jpg|thumb|Old Court at [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]] as seen from [[The Backs]]]]
Cambridge is situated about {{convert|55|mi|0}} north-by-east of London and {{convert|95|mi|km|abbr=off}} east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of [[the Fens]], which varies between {{convert|6|and|24|m|ft}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90641/Cambridge |title=Cambridge (England, United Kingdom) |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112141610/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90641/Cambridge |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The town was thus historically surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.<ref name="www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/SUDS-Design-and-Adoption-Guide.pdf|title=SUDS Design and Adoption Guide|date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065907/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/SUDS-Design-and-Adoption-Guide.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of [[gault]] clay and [[Chalk Group|Chalk Marl]], known locally as Cambridge Greensand,<ref name="NatEngGeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID4.aspx |title=England's Geology&nbsp;– Cambridgeshire |work=[[Natural England]] |access-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021063524/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID4.aspx |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref> partly overlaid by [[Gravel|terrace gravel]].<ref name="www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016" /> A layer of [[Phosphate nodule|phosphatic nodules]] ([[coprolites]]) under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser; this became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the [[Cambridge Corn Exchange|Corn Exchange]], [[Fulbourn Hospital]], and [[St John's College, Cambridge#College Chapel|St. John's Chapel]] until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.<ref name="NatEngGeo" />

The [[River Cam]] flows through the city from the village of [[Grantchester]], to the southwest. It is bordered by [[water meadows]] within the city such as [[Sheep's Green]] as well as residential development.<ref name="www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016" /> Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, [[Parker's Piece]] and [[Midsummer Common]]. Some of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/transport/projects/cambridge/cambridgegateway/CB1+development.htm |title=CB1 development |publisher=Cambridgshire County Council |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009021937/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/transport/projects/cambridge/cambridgegateway/CB1%2Bdevelopment.htm |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref> and [[Accordia]] schemes near the station,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ccm/content/news-releases/2008/accordia-wins-prize.en |title=Accordia wins top architectural prize |publisher=Cambridge City Council |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214062115/http://cambridge.gov.uk/ccm/content/news-releases/2008/accordia-wins-prize.en |archive-date=14 December 2010 }}</ref> and developments such as [[Great Kneighton]], formally known as Clay Farm,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clayfarm.co.uk/vision |title=Vision |publisher=Clay Farm |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109182335/http://www.clayfarm.co.uk/vision |archive-date=9 January 2010 }}</ref> and Trumpington Meadows<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trumpingtonmeadows.com/Home |title=Home |publisher=Trumpington Meadows Land Company |access-date=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831131342/http://www.trumpingtonmeadows.com/Home |archive-date=31 August 2009 }}</ref> currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerly [[National Institute of Agricultural Botany|NIAB]]), and University-led developments at [[West Cambridge]] and [[North West Cambridge Development|North West Cambridge]], ([[Eddington, Cambridge|Eddington]]).

The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of [[nitrogen dioxide]] in the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Pollution in Cambridge|url=https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/content/air-pollution-cambridge|publisher=Cambridge City Council|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116082156/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/content/air-pollution-cambridge|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The city has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=26530&cityname=Cambridge,+England,+United+Kingdom&units=|title=Cambridge, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528155925/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=26530&cityname=Cambridge%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&units=|url-status=live}}</ref> Cambridge has an official weather observing station, at the [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]], about {{convert|1|mile|spell=in}} south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the university's [[Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge|Department of Computer Science and Technology]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Digital Technology Group|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/www/|access-date=26 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017141425/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/www/|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> maintains a weather station on the [[West Cambridge]] site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an [[mobile app|app]], and also an archive dating back to 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title = Weather Station, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Digital Technology Group|url = http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/weather/|access-date = 26 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140922085922/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/weather/|archive-date = 22 September 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>

The city, like most of the UK, has a [[oceanic climate|maritime climate]] highly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]]. Located in the driest region of Britain,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7V7pNKAE8AsC&pg=PA1525 |title=Mapping the Distribution of Flowering Plants |first=Franklyn |last=Perring |journal=New Scientist |date=16 June 1960 |page=1525 |access-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053122/https://books.google.com/books?id=7V7pNKAE8AsC&pg=PA1525 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2830&pid=0&prcid=0&ppid=0 |title=Climate & Soils |publisher=Cambridge University Botanic Garden |year=2012 |quote=Cambridge is in the driest region of Britain and has a more continental climate than most of Britain. |access-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401045512/http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2830&pid=0&prcid=0&ppid=0 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cambridge's rainfall averages around {{convert|570|mm|2|abbr=on}} per year, around half the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/customers/water-efficiency-strategy |title=Our strategy |publisher=Cambridge Water |year=2012 |quote=We live in one of the driest areas of the UK. The East of England's rainfall of conditions is only half the national average and Cambridge is one of the driest parts of this region. |access-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327201856/http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/customers/water-efficiency-strategy |archive-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The driest recent year was in 2011 with {{convert|380.4|mm|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2830&pid=0&prcid=0&ppid=0 |title=Climate and Soils |publisher=Cambridge University Botanic Garden |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726111553/http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2830&pid=0&prcid=0&ppid=0|archive-date= 26 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of rain at the Botanic Garden and {{convert|347.2|mm|2|abbr=on}} at the NIAB site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/stationdata/cambridgedata.txt |title=NIAB weather data |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629215430/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/stationdata/cambridgedata.txt |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This is just below the [[semi-arid]] precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350&nbsp;mm of annual precipitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-BSh.html|title=Hot semi-arid (steppe) climate|website=www.mindat.org|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401015300/https://www.mindat.org/climate-BSh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with {{convert|812.7|mm|2|abbr=on}} reported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/NewsItem.aspx?p=27&ix=116&pid=2722&prcid=4&ppid=2722|title= Wettest year since records began |publisher=Cambridge University Botanic Garden |access-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130703145923/http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/NewsItem.aspx?p=27&ix=116&pid=2722&prcid=4&ppid=2722 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.

Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year&nbsp;– {{convert|30.2|C|F}} in July 2008 at NIAB<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2008/july.html|title=UK Climate: July 2008|publisher=Met Office|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629215447/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2008/july.html|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> and {{convert|30.1|C|F}} in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=2007&indexid=TXx&stationid=1639|title=Anomaly details for Station Cambridge (B. GDNS): Maximum value of daily maximum temperature, August 2007|work=[[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]|access-date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160218/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=2007&indexid=TXx&stationid=1639|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1875.html|title=Hottest day of each year from 1875|publisher=Trevor Harley|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321181641/https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1875.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The absolute maximum stands at {{convert|39.9|C|F}} recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729160459/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Before this date, Cambridge held the record for the [[United Kingdom weather records|all-time maximum temperature in the UK]], after recording {{Convert|38.7|C|F|abbr=on}} on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach {{convert|25.1|C|F}} or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=1639|title=Climatology details for station CAMBRIDGE (B. GDNS): Summer days (TX > 25&nbsp;°C)|work=[[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422030040/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=1639|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with the annual warmest day averaging {{convert|31.5|C|F}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=1639|title=Climatology details for station CAMBRIDGE (B. GDNS): Maximum value of daily maximum temperature|work=[[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422030254/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=1639|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was {{convert|-17.2|C|F}}, recorded in February 1947,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2858&pid=2830&prcid=4&ppid=2830|title=Botanic Garden Extremes 1931–60|access-date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726111540/http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2858&pid=2830&prcid=4&ppid=2830|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> although a minimum of {{convert|-17.8|C|F}} was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/lowtempsyear.php|title=8 December 1879|access-date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119082325/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/lowtempsyear.php|archive-date=19 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently the temperature fell to {{convert|-15.3|C|F}} on 11 February 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/coldest-temperatures-of-winter-so-far/|title=Coldest temperatures of winter so far|work=Met Office News Blog|date=11 February 2012|access-date=27 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422043637/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/coldest-temperatures-of-winter-so-far/|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|-12.2|C|F}} on 22 January 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/overnight-minimum-temperatures/|title=22nd Jan 2013 Temperatures|work=Met Office News Blog|date=22 January 2013|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126094159/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/overnight-minimum-temperatures/|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|-10.9|C|F}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2858&pid=2830&prcid=4&ppid=2830|title=December 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Botanic Garden|access-date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726111540/http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Page.aspx?p=27&ix=2858&pid=2830&prcid=4&ppid=2830|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u1214b469|title=Cambridge 1981–2010 averages|publisher=Met Office|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905105640/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u1214b469|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=FD&stationid=1639|title=Climatology details for station CAMBRIDGE (B. GDNS): Frost days (TN < 0&nbsp;°C)|work=[[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422030435/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=FD&stationid=1639|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to {{convert|-8.0|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=1639|title=Climatology details for station CAMBRIDGE (B. GDNS): Minimum value of daily minimum temperature|work=[[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422030359/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=1639|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.

{{Cambridge weatherbox}}

=== Ecology ===
The city contains three [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Nature-Conservation-Strategy_0.pdf |title=Cambridge City Nature Conservation Strategy "Enhancing Biodiversity" |date=September 2006|vauthors=((The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire & Peterborough)) |publisher=Cambridge City Council|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818014957/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Nature-Conservation-Strategy_0.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ten [[Local nature reserve|Local Nature Reserves]] (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen,
Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambridge City Local Nature Reserves|url=http://lnr.cambridge.gov.uk/visit-the-cambridge-nature-reserves/|publisher=Cambridge City Council|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818020639/http://lnr.cambridge.gov.uk/visit-the-cambridge-nature-reserves/|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Green belt ===
{{further|Cambridge Green Belt}}
Cambridge is completely enclosed by [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belt]] as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Origins of the Cambridge Green Belt|url=https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/rd-strat-400.pdf|website=www.cambridge.gov.uk|first=Anthony J.|last=Cooper|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023734/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/rd-strat-400.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Green belt final|url=https://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/PS.EVR4%20-%20Green%20Belt%20-%20FINAL.pdf|website=www.eastcambs.gov.uk|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083716/https://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/PS.EVR4%20-%20Green%20Belt%20-%20FINAL.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMBRIDGE GREEN BELT STUDY A Vision of the Future for Cambridge in its Green Belt Setting|url=https://www.scambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Cambridge-Green-Belt-Study.pdf|website=www.scambs.gov.uk|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023736/https://www.scambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Cambridge-Green-Belt-Study.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and nearby [[East Cambridgeshire]]<ref>{{cite web|title=East Cambridgeshire Local Plan – April 2015|url=https://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Local%20Plan%20April%202015%20-%20front%20cover%20and%20inside%20front%20cover_0.pdf|website=www.eastcambs.gov.uk|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023752/https://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Local%20Plan%20April%202015%20-%20front%20cover%20and%20inside%20front%20cover_0.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further [[urban sprawl]] and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=LDA Design – Cambridge Inner Belt Boundary Study|url=https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/public/ldf/coredocs/rd-mc-030-part1.pdf|website=www.cambridge.gov.uk|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023849/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/public/ldf/coredocs/rd-mc-030-part1.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>