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== Ecology == {{Main|Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans}} The different ''[[Caenorhabditis]]'' species occupy various nutrient- and bacteria-rich environments. They feed on the bacteria that develop in decaying organic matter ([[microbivory]]). They possess chemosensory receptors which enable the detection of bacteria and bacterial-secreted metabolites (such as iron siderophores), so that they can migrate towards their bacterial prey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Minqi |last2=Ma |first2=Yeping |last3=Chua |first3=Song Lin |date=2024-01-16 |title=Bacterivorous nematodes decipher microbial iron siderophores as prey cue in predatorβprey interactions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=e2314077121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2314077121 |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free |pmid=38190542 |pmc=10801909 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12114077H }}</ref> Soil lacks enough organic matter to support self-sustaining populations. ''C. elegans'' can survive on a diet of a variety of bacteria, but its wild ecology is largely unknown. Most laboratory strains were taken from artificial environments such as gardens and [[compost pile]]s. More recently, ''C. elegans'' has been found to thrive in other kinds of organic matter, particularly rotting fruit.<ref> {{cite journal | vauthors = FΓ©lix MA, Braendle C | title = The natural history of ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' | journal = Current Biology | volume = 20 | issue = 22 | pages = R965β9 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21093785 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.050 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010CBio...20.R965F }}</ref> ''C. elegans'' can also ingest pollutants, especially tiny nanoplastics, which could enable the association with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in the dissemination of nanoplastics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria by ''C. elegans'' across the soil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Shepherd Yuen |last2=Liu |first2=Sylvia Yang |last3=Wu |first3=Rongben |last4=Wei |first4=Wei |last5=Fang |first5=James Kar-Hei |last6=Chua |first6=Song Lin |date=2023-06-02 |title=Simultaneous Dissemination of Nanoplastics and Antibiotic Resistance by Nematode Couriers |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07129 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=57 |issue=23 |pages=8719β8727 |language=en |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c07129 |pmid=37267481 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.8719C |s2cid=259047038 |issn=0013-936X}}</ref> <br />''C. elegans'' can also use different species of [[yeast]], including ''[[Cryptococcus laurentii]]'' and ''[[Cryptococcus kuetzingii|C. kuetzingii]]'', as sole sources of food.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mylonakis E, Ausubel FM, Perfect JR, Heitman J, Calderwood SB | title = Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 24 | pages = 15675β80 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12438649 | pmc = 137775 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.232568599 | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9915675M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although a [[bacterivore]], ''C. elegans'' can be killed by a number of pathogenic bacteria, including human pathogens such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sifri CD, Begun J, Ausubel FM, Calderwood SB | title = Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis | journal = Infection and Immunity | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 2208β17 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12654843 | pmc = 152095 | doi = 10.1128/IAI.71.4.2208-2217.2003 }}</ref> ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan MW, Mahajan-Miklos S, Ausubel FM | title = Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Pseudomonas aeruginosa used to model mammalian bacterial pathogenesis | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 2 | pages = 715β20 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9892699 | pmc = 15202 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.2.715 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...96..715T | doi-access = free }}</ref> ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' or ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garsin DA, Villanueva JM, Begun J, Kim DH, Sifri CD, Calderwood SB, Ruvkun G, Ausubel FM | display-authors = 6 | title = Long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants are resistant to bacterial pathogens | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5627 | pages = 1921 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12817143 | doi = 10.1126/science.1080147 | s2cid = 37703980 }}</ref> Pathogenic bacteria can also form biofilms, whose sticky exopolymer matrix could impede ''C. elegans'' motility<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Shepherd Yuen |last2=Liu |first2=Sylvia Yang |last3=Seng |first3=Zijing |last4=Chua |first4=Song Lin |date=January 2021 |title=Biofilm matrix disrupts nematode motility and predatory behavior |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=260β269 |doi=10.1038/s41396-020-00779-9 |pmid=32958848 |pmc=7852553 |bibcode=2021ISMEJ..15..260C |issn=1751-7370}}</ref> and cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shaoyang |last2=Liu |first2=Sylvia Yang |last3=Chan |first3=Shepherd Yuen |last4=Chua |first4=Song Lin |date=May 2022 |title=Biofilm matrix cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1388β1396 |doi=10.1038/s41396-022-01190-2 |pmid=35034106 |pmc=9038794 |bibcode=2022ISMEJ..16.1388L |issn=1751-7370}}</ref> Invertebrates such as [[millipede]]s, [[insect]]s, [[isopod]]s, and [[gastropod]]s can transport dauer larvae to various suitable locations. The larvae have also been seen to feed on their hosts when they die.<ref> {{cite journal | vauthors = Kiontke K, Sudhaus W | title = Ecology of Caenorhabditis species | journal = WormBook | pages = 1β14 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 18050464 | pmc = 4780885 | doi = 10.1895/wormbook.1.37.1 }}</ref> <br />Nematodes can survive [[desiccation]], and in ''C. elegans'', the mechanism for this capability has been demonstrated to be [[Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins|late embryogenesis abundant proteins]].<ref> {{cite journal | vauthors = Gal TZ, Glazer I, Koltai H | title = An LEA group 3 family member is involved in survival of C. elegans during exposure to stress | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 577 | issue = 1β2 | pages = 21β6 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15527756 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.049 | s2cid = 21960486 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004FEBSL.577...21G }}</ref> <br />''C. elegans'', as other nematodes, can be eaten by predator nematodes and other omnivores, including some insects.<ref>Elaine R. Ingham [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/biology/ Soil biology primer] USDA</ref> The [[Orsay virus]] is a virus that affects ''C. elegans'', as well as the [[Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus]]<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1101/gr.9.10.924|pmid=10523521|title=Genomic Analysis of ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' Reveals Ancient Families of Retroviral-like Elements|journal=Genome Research|volume=9|issue=10|pages=924β935|year=1999|last1=Bowen|first1=N. J.|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the [[Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus]]. ; Interactions with fungi Wild isolates of ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' are regularly found with infections by [[Microsporidia]] fungi. One such species, ''[[Nematocida parisii]]'', replicates in the intestines of ''C. elegans''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuomo CA, Desjardins CA, Bakowski MA, Goldberg J, Ma AT, Becnel JJ, Didier ES, Fan L, Heiman DI, Levin JZ, Young S, Zeng Q, Troemel ER | title = Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth | journal = Genome Research | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 2478β88 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22813931 | pmc = 3514677 | doi = 10.1101/gr.142802.112 }}</ref> ''[[Arthrobotrys oligospora]]'' is the [[model organism]] for interactions between fungi and nematodes.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/21501203.2011.562559|title=''Arthrobotrys oligospora'': A model organism for understanding the interaction between fungi and nematodes|journal=Mycology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=59β78|year=2011|last1=Niu|first1=Xue-Mei|last2=Zhang|first2=Ke-Qin | name-list-style = vanc |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is the most common and widespread nematode capturing fungus.
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