Editing Córdoba, Spain (section)

==Landmarks==
[[File:Centro Histórico, 16.9 -- 2023 -- Córdoba, España.jpg|thumb|right|View of the [[historic centre of Córdoba]] from the [[Guadalquivir River]]]]
The [[historic centre of Córdoba]] has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.{{Efn|The Mosque-Cathedral was listed as a World Heritage Site first in 1984 and this designation was extended to the rest of the historic centre in 1994.}}<ref name=":1" />

===Roman===
[[File:Mausoleoromano.jpg|thumb|[[Roman mausoleum of Córdoba|Roman Mausoleum]] in the Paseo de la Victoria]]
The [[Roman bridge of Córdoba|Roman Bridge]], over the Guadalquivir River, links the area of Campo de la Verdad with Barrio de la Catedral. It was the only bridge of the city for twenty centuries, until the construction of the San Rafael Bridge in the mid-20th century. It was initially built in the early 1st century BC during the reign of emperor Augustus but significantly rebuilt in the 8th century under Umayyad rule. It has a length of about 250&nbsp;m and has 16 arches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McFetrich |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-VVEAAAQBAJ&dq=roman+bridge+cordoba&pg=PA205 |title=An Encyclopaedia of World Bridges |publisher=Pen and Sword Transport |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-5267-9449-9 |pages=205 |language=en }}</ref>

Other Roman remains include the [[Roman temple of Córdoba|Roman Temple]], the Theatre, [[Roman mausoleum of Córdoba|Mausoleum]], the Colonial Forum, the ''Forum Adiectum'', an amphitheater and the remains of the Palace of Emperor [[Maximian]] in the archaeological site of Cercadilla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palacio de Maximiano Hercúleo |url=https://www.nomads-travel-guide.com/places/palacio-de-maximiano-herculeo/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Nomads Travel Guide |date=17 June 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162231/https://www.nomads-travel-guide.com/places/palacio-de-maximiano-herculeo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Islamic===

==== Great Mosque of Córdoba ====
{{Main|Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba}}
[[File:Cathedral-Great Mosque of Cordoba - Andalucia - Spain - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]]]]

From 784- 786 AD, Abd al-Rahman I built the Great Mosque of Córdoba, one of the most famous monuments of [[Moorish architecture|Western Islamic (Moorish) architecture]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayyusi |first1=Salma Khadra |title=The legacy of Muslim Spain |year=1994 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004099548 |pages=129–135 |edition=2nd }}</ref><ref name="George">{{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |title=Architecture of the Islamic world its history and social meaning; with a complete survey of key monuments |year=2011 |orig-year=1978 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=9780500278475 |page=212 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|pp=281–284}} and for centuries the third largest mosque in the world.{{sfn|Scales|1997|p=175}} It integrated aspects of [[Islamic architecture]] with some indigenous elements of [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] and [[Visigothic art and architecture|Visigothic architecture]].<ref name=":2"/> Later Umayyad rulers expanded the mosque, adding a minaret and extending the prayer hall. A major 10th-century expansion resulted in the elaborate [[mihrab]] and other ornate embellishments seen today.<ref name=":2"/> After the Christian conquest of the city the mosque was converted to a cathedral. It underwent significant modifications in the 16th century but much of the original structure remains.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |title=The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila S. |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195309911 |location=Oxford |chapter=Córdoba }}</ref> The building was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1984.<ref name=":1"/>

====Minaret of San Juan====
Built in 930 AD, the mosque that this minaret adorned has been replaced by a church and the minaret re-purposed as a tower. It retains characteristics of Islamic architecture in the region, including a double [[Horseshoe arch|horseshoe-arch]] windows.<ref name="George"/><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIaEAgAAQBAJ&dq=minaret+san+juan+cordoba&pg=PA55 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-134-61366-3 |pages=55 }}</ref>

==== Mills of the Guadalquivir ====
[[File:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-11-37.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Calahorra Tower|Tower of Calahorra]] to one side of the [[Roman Bridge of Córdoba|Roman Bridge]]]]
Along the banks of the Guadalquivir are the [[Mills of the Guadalquivir]], an array of [[watermill]]s from different periods that used the power of the water current to grind flour. They include the [[Albolafia]], [[Alegría watermill]], Carbonell, Casillas, Enmedio, Lope García, Martos, Pápalo, San Antonio, San Lorenzo and San Rafael mills.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/pasaporte/molinos-acompanan-Guadalquivir-siglos_0_320918032.html |title=Los eternos jornaleros del Guadalquivir |last=Reina |first=Carmen |date=11 November 2014 |newspaper=[[El Diario (Spain)|El Diario]] |access-date=23 March 2019 |language=es |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703032953/https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/pasaporte/molinos-acompanan-Guadalquivir-siglos_0_320918032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=February 2022}}

====Calahorra Tower====
The Calahorra is a fortified tower standing at the southern end of the city's Roman Bridge. Its original construction is attributed to the Almohad period.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=326}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrucand |first1=Marianne |title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia |last2=Bednorz |first2=Achim |publisher=Taschen |year=1992 |isbn=3822896322 |page=137 }}</ref> It now houses the Al-Andalus Living Museum (''Museo Vivo de Al-Andalus''), a museum on the cultural achievements of Al-Andalus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Torre de la Calahorra {{!}} Córdoba, Spain Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/andalucia/cordoba/attractions/torre-de-la-calahorra/a/poi-sig/484250/360732 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Lonely Planet |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020108/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/andalucia/cordoba/attractions/torre-de-la-calahorra/a/poi-sig/484250/360732 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Calahorra Tower – Córdoba |url=https://www.artencordoba.com/en/calahorra-tower-cordoba/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020110/https://www.artencordoba.com/en/calahorra-tower-cordoba/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Caliphal Baths====
{{Main|Caliphal Baths}}
Near the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]], on the site of the former [[Alcázar of the Caliphs (Córdoba)|Islamic-era Alcázar]], are the [[Caliphal Baths]], a partly-reconstructed [[Hammam|hammam (baths)]] complex created in the 10th century and subsequently expanded. The archeological site has been open as a museum since 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complex map – Baths of Caliphate Castle {{!}} Virtual Tour |url=https://banosdelalcazarcalifal.cordoba.es/index.php?id=2&lang=3 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=banosdelalcazarcalifal.cordoba.es }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Arab Baths of the Caliphal Alcázar of Córdoba – "Caliphal Baths" |url=https://www.artencordoba.com/en/arab-baths-caliphal-alcazar-cordoba/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926061334/https://www.artencordoba.com/en/arab-baths-caliphal-alcazar-cordoba/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Medina Azahara ====
{{Main|Madinat al-Zahra}}
On the outskirts of the city lies the archaeological site of Madinat al-Zahra, the 10th-century palace-city. It is another major example of Islamic architecture in Spain and has been undergoing excavation and reconstruction since 1911.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |page=63 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033832/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Islamic%20Palace%20Architecture%20in%20the%20Western%20Mediterranean&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Jewish Quarter===
[[File:Cordoba-28_(48026695918).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Calleja de las Flores]], with the Great Cathedral in the background]]{{Main|Judería de Córdoba}}
Near the cathedral is the old Jewish quarter, which consists of many irregular streets that preserve some of the city's medieval aspect.<ref name=":3" /> It contains a museum, the Sepharad House,<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=House of Sefarad, House of Memory – Córdoba |url=https://www.artencordoba.com/en/house-sefarad-cordoba/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215040439/https://www.artencordoba.com/en/house-sefarad-cordoba/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The House of Sepharad |url=https://www.turismodecordoba.org/the-house-of-sepharad |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=www.turismodecordoba.org |language=es |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215010722/https://www.turismodecordoba.org/the-house-of-sepharad |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Córdoba Synagogue|Synagogue]], built in 1315.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gharipour |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6UxEAAAQBAJ&dq=synagogue+cordoba&pg=PR9 |title=Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design and Identity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4744-6843-5 |pages=127 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925033726/https://books.google.com/books?id=x6UxEAAAQBAJ&dq=synagogue+cordoba&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=synagogue%20cordoba&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Christian===
[[File:Puerta del Puente, Córdoba (España).JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Puerta del Puente]]]]{{More citations needed section|date=February 2022}}
Surrounding the large Old town are the [[Roman walls of Córdoba|Roman walls]]: gates include the Puerta de Almodóvar, the Puerta de Sevilla and [[Puerta del Puente]], which are the only three gates remaining from the original thirteen. Towers and fortresses include the [[Torre de la Malmuerta|Malmuerta Tower]], [[Torre de Belén]] and the Puerta del Rincón's Tower.

In the south of the Old town and east of the great cathedral, in the [[Plaza del Potro]], is the ''Posada del Potro'', a row of [[inn]]s mentioned in literary works including ''Don Quixote'' and ''La Feria de los Discretos'', and which remained active until 1972. Both the plaza and the inn get their name from the fountain in the centre of the plaza, which represents a foal (''potro''). Not far from this plaza is the ''Arco del Portillo'' (a 14th-century arch). In the extreme southwest of the Old Town is the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]], a former royal property and the seat of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]]; adjacent to it are the [[Royal Stables of Córdoba|Royal Stables]], where [[Andalusian horse]]s are bred. Palace buildings in the Old Town include the ''Palacio de Viana'' (14th century) and the ''[[Palacio de la Merced]]'' among others. Other sights include the ''Cuesta del Bailío'' (a staircase connecting the upper and lower part of the city).

====Fernandine churches====
The city is home to 12 Christian churches that were built (many as transformations of mosques) by Ferdinand III of Castile after the reconquest of the city in the 13th century. They were to act both as churches and as the administrative centres in the neighborhoods into which the city was divided in medieval times. Some of those that remain are:
[[File:Santa Marina en Cordoba.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Santa Marina (Córdoba)|Iglesia de Santa Marina de Aguas Santas]], built in the 13th century]]
* [[Iglesia de San Nicolás de la Villa (Córdoba)|San Nicolás de la Villa]].
* [[Iglesia de San Miguel (Córdoba)|San Miguel]].
* [[San Juan y Todos los Santos]] (also known as Iglesia de la Trinidad).
* [[Santa Marina (Córdoba)|Santa Marina de Aguas Santas]].
* ''San Agustín''. Begun in 1328, it has now an 18th-century appearance. The façade bell tower, with four bells, dates to the 16th century.
* ''San Andrés'', largely renovated in the 14th and 15th centuries. It has a Renaissance portal (1489) and a bell tower from the same period, while the high altar is a [[Baroque art|Baroque]] work by [[Pedro Duque Cornejo]].
* [[Iglesia de San Lorenzo (Córdoba)|San Lorenzo]].
* Church of ''Santiago''.
* [[San Pedro (Córdoba)|San Pedro]].
* [[Santa María Magdalena, Córdoba|Santa María Magdalena]]. Like the others, it combines [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Mudéjar]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] elements.
* [[Iglesia de San Pablo (Córdoba)|San Pablo]]. In the church's garden in the 1990s the ruins of an ancient Roman circus were discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Circus.html |title=Discovery of a Roman Circus in Cordoba |publisher=Artencordoba.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151806/http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Circus.html |archive-date=30 August 2012 }}</ref>

====Other religious structures====
[[File:Fachada de la Real Colegiata de San Hipólito.jpg|thumb|right|Main façade of the Iglesia de San Hipólito]]
* Iglesia de San Hipólito. It houses the tombs of [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Ferdinand IV]] and [[Alfonso XI of Castile]], kings of [[Castile and León]].
* Iglesia de San Francisco
* Iglesia de San Salvador y Santo Domingo de Silos
* Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Linares
* Torre de Santo Domingo de Silos
* Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Fuensanta
* Chapel of San Bartolomé
* [[Convento de Santa Clara (Córdoba)|Convent of Santa Clara]]
* [[Convento de Santa Cruz (Córdoba)|Convent of Santa Cruz]]
* [[Convento de Santa Marta|Convent of Santa Marta]]

====Sculptures and memorials====
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
Scattered throughout the city are ten statues of the [[Raphael (archangel)|Archangel Raphael]], protector and custodian of the city. These are called the Triumphs of Saint Raphael, and are located in landmarks such as the Roman Bridge, the Puerta del Puente and the Plaza del Potro.

In the western part of the Historic Centre are the statue of Seneca (near the ''Puerta de Almodóvar'', a gate from the time of Islamic rule, (the Statue of [[Averroes]] (next to the ''Puerta de la Luna''), and [[Maimonides]] (in the plaza de Tiberiades). Further south, near the Puerta de Sevilla, are the sculpture to the poet [[Ibn Zaydún]] and the sculpture of the writer and poet [[Ibn Hazm]] and, inside the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]], the monument to the [[Catholic Monarchs]] and Christopher Columbus.

There are also several sculptures in plazas of the Old Town. In the central Plaza de las Tendillas is the equestrian statue of [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], in the Plaza de Capuchinos is the Cristo de los Faroles, in Plaza de la Trinidad is the statue of [[Luis de Góngora]], in the Plaza del Cardenal Salazar is the bust of Ahmad ibn Muhammad abu Yafar al-Gafiqi, in the Plaza de Capuchinas is the statue to the bishop Osio, in Plaza del Conde de Priego is the monument to [[Manolete]] and the Campo Santo de los Mártires is a statue to [[Al-Hakam II]] and the monument to the lovers.

In the Jardines de la Agricultura is the monument to the painter [[Julio Romero de Torres]], a bust by sculptor [[Mateo Inurria]], a bust of the poet [[Julio Aumente]] and the sculpture dedicated to the gardener Aniceto García Roldán, who was killed in the park. Further south, in the Gardens of the Duke of Rivas, is a statue of writer and poet [[Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas]] by sculptor [[Mariano Benlliure]].

In the Guadalquivir river, near the San Rafael Bridge is the Island of the sculptures, an artificial island with a dozen stone sculptures executed during the International Sculpture Symposium. Up the river, near the Miraflores bridge, is the "Hombre Río", a sculpture of a swimmer looking to the sky and whose orientation varies depending on the current.

====Bridges====
* San Rafael Bridge, consisting of eight arches of 25&nbsp;m span and a length of 217&nbsp;m. The width is between parapets, divided into 12&nbsp;m of cobblestone for four circulations and two tiled concrete sidewalks. It was inaugurated on 29 April 1953 joining the Avenue Corregidor with Plaza de Andalucía. In January 2004 the plaques reading "His Excellency the Head of State and Generalissimo of all the Armies, Francisco Franco Bahamonde, opened this bridge of the Guadalquivir on 29 April 1953", which were on both sides of each of the entrances of the bridge, were removed.
* Andalusia Bridge, a suspension bridge.
* ''Puente de Miraflores'', known as "the rusty bridge". This bridge links the Street San Fernando and Ronda de Isasa with the Miraflores peninsula. It was designed by Herrero, Suárez and Casado and inaugurated on 2 May 2003. At first, in 1989, a proposal by architect-engineer [[Santiago Calatrava]] was considered<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soloarquitectura.com/arquitectos/santiago_calatrava.html |title=Projects of Santiago Calatrava |publisher=Soloarquitectura.com |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106201510/http://soloarquitectura.com/arquitectos/santiago_calatrava.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that would look like the Lusitania Bridge of [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]], but this was eventually discarded because its height would obscure the view of the Great Mosque.
* Autovía del Sur Bridge.
* Abbas Ibn Firnas Bridge, inaugurated in January 2011. It is part of the variant west of Córdoba.
* ''Puente del Arenal'', connecting Avenue Campo de la Verdad with the Recinto Ferial (fairground) of Córdoba.

=== Gardens, parks and natural environments ===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2019}}
* Jardines de la Victoria. Within the gardens there are two newly renovated facilities, the old Caseta del Círculo de la Amistad, today Caseta Victoria, and the Kiosko de la música, as well as a small [[modernism|Modernist]] fountain from the early 20th century. The northern section, called Jardines of [[Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas|Duque de Rivas]], features a pergola of neoclassical style, designed by the architect Carlos Sáenz de Santamaría; it is used as an exhibition hall and a café bar.
* Jardines de la Agricultura, located between the Jardines de la Victoria and the Paseo de Córdoba: it includes numerous trails that radially converge to a round square which has a fountain or pond. This is known as the duck pond, and, in the centre, has an island with a small building in which these animals live. Scattered throughout the garden are numerous sculptures such as the sculpture in memory of [[Julio Romero de Torres]], the sculpture to the composer [[Julio Aumente]] and the bust of [[Mateo Inurria]]. In the north is a [[rose garden]] in form of a labyrinth.
* Parque de Miraflores, located on the south bank of the river [[Guadalquivir]]. It was designed by the architect Juan Cuenca Montilla as a series of terraces. Among other points of interest as the Salam and Miraflores Bridge and a sculpture by [[Agustín Ibarrola]].
* Parque Cruz Conde, located southwest of the city, is an open park and barrier-free park in [[English garden]]s style.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayuncordoba.es/portal/web1/ver_textoconimagen.jsp?id3=23835&id2=21567&id=21565 |title=Parque Cruz Conde |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115202532/http://www.ayuncordoba.es/portal/web1/ver_textoconimagen.jsp?id3=23835&id2=21567&id=21565 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |language=es }}</ref>
* ''Paseo de Córdoba''. Located on the underground train tracks, it is a long tour of several km in length with more than 434,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>. The tour has numerous fountains, including six formed by a portico of falling water which form a waterfall to a pond with four levels. Integrated into the tour is a pond of water from the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], and the building of the old train station of RENFE, now converted into offices of [[Canal Sur]].
* Jardines Juan Carlos I, in the Ciudad Jardín neighborhood. It is a fortress which occupies an area of about 12,500 square metres.
* Jardines del Conde de Vallellano, located on both sides of the avenue of the same name. It includes a large L-shaped pond with a capacity of {{cvt|3000|m3|2}} and archaeological remains embedded in the gardens, among which is a Roman cistern from the second half of the 1st century BC.
* ''Parque de la Asomadilla'', with a surface of 27 hectares, is the second largest park in Andalusia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2005 |first=Juan M. |last=Niza |url=http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=163760 |title=El parque de La Asomadilla se inicia con la apertura de pozos |language=es |website=[[Diario Córdoba]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106222012/http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=163760 |archive-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref> The park recreates a Mediterranean forest vegetation, such as hawthorn, pomegranate, hackberry, oak, olive, tamarisk, cypress, elms, pines, oaks and carob trees among others.
* ''Balcón del Guadalquivir''.
* ''Jardines de Colón''.
* ''Sotos de la Albolafia''. Declared Natural monument by the Andalusian Autonomous Government, it is located in a stretch of the Guadalquivir river from the Roman Bridge and the San Rafael Bridge, with an area of 21.36 hectares.<ref>[http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/web/Bloques_Tematicos/Estado_Y_Calidad_De_Los_Recursos_Naturales/Ecosistemas/Humedales/PDFs/Cordoba/sotosdelaalbolafia.pdf ''Los Sotos de la Albolafia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615161718/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/web/Bloques_Tematicos/Estado_Y_Calidad_De_Los_Recursos_Naturales/Ecosistemas/Humedales/PDFs/Cordoba/sotosdelaalbolafia.pdf |date=15 June 2011 }}, Inventario de Humedales de Andalucía.</ref> Host a large variety of birds and is an important point of migration for many birds.
* ''Parque periurbano Los Villares''.