Editing Business ethics (section)

===Sales and marketing===
{{Main|Marketing ethics}}
Marketing ethics came of age only as late as the 1990s.<ref>{{harvnb|Murphy|2002|pp=165–185}}</ref> Marketing ethics was approached from ethical perspectives of [[virtue]] or [[virtue ethics]], [[deontology]], [[consequentialism]], [[pragmatic ethics|pragmatism]] and relativism.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones, Parker, et al.|2005|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Murphy|2002|pp=168–169}}</ref>

Ethics in marketing deals with the principles, values and/or ideas by which marketers (and marketing institutions) ought to act.<ref>Brenkert, G. K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PDXVnfyKHBIC&pg=PA179 Marketing ethics].{{harvnb|Frederic|2002|pp=179}}</ref> Marketing ethics is also contested terrain, beyond the previously described issue of potential conflicts between profitability and other concerns. Ethical marketing issues include marketing redundant or dangerous products/services,<ref>Marcoux, A. (2009). Business-Focused Business Ethics. in Normative Theory and Business Ethics. J. Smith. Plymouth Rowman & Littlefield: pp. 17–34 {{ISBN|0-7425-4841-4}}</ref><ref>Fisher, B., 2003-05-27 [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p111389_index.html "Ethics of Target Marketing: Process, Product or Target?"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, California</ref><ref>Groucutt, J., P. Leadley, ''et al.'' (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cd6Sjxu2lesC&pg=PA75 Marketing: essential principles, new realities]. London, Kogan p. 75 {{ISBN|0-7494-4114-3}}</ref> [[Transparency (behavior)|transparency]] about environmental risks, transparency about [[Mandatory labelling|product ingredients]] such as [[genetically modified organism]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1108/03090560710718102 |author=Murphey, P. E. |author2=G. R. Laczniak |year=2007 |title=An ethical basis for relationship marketing: a virtue ethics perspective |journal=European Journal of Marketing |volume=41 |pages=37–57 |url=http://www.ethicalbusiness.nd.edu/documents/European%20Journal%20of%20Marketing.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616003726/http://www.ethicalbusiness.nd.edu/documents/European%20Journal%20of%20Marketing.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-06-16 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>[http://oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ Free as in Freedom: Table of Contents]. Oreilly.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.</ref><ref>[http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/regulation/labelling/ Labelling of GMO Products: Freedom of Choice for Consumers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121103337/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/regulation/labelling/ |date=2016-01-21 }}. Gmo-compass.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/gmfood/labelling_en.htm EUROPA—Food Safety—Biotechnology—GM Food & Feed—Labelling]. Ec.europa.eu (2003-09-22). Retrieved on 2010-09-02.</ref> possible health risks, [[financial risk]]s, security risks, etc.,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anand|first1=V.|last2=Rosen|first2=C. C.|title=The Ethics of Organizational Secrets|journal=Journal of Management Inquiry|volume=17|page=97|year=2008|doi=10.1177/1056492607312785|issue=2|s2cid=143933381}}</ref> respect for [[consumer privacy]] and autonomy,<ref>Brenkert, G. K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PDXVnfyKHBIC&pg=PA178 Marketing ethics] {{harvnb|Frederic|2002|pp=178–193}}</ref> [[advertising]] truthfulness and fairness in [[pricing]] & distribution.<ref>{{harvnb|Murphy|2002|p=165}}</ref>

According to Borgerson, and Schroeder (2008), marketing can influence individuals' perceptions of and interactions with other people, implying an ethical responsibility to avoid distorting those perceptions and interactions.<ref>Borgerson, J. L. and J. E. Schroeder (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RsBfMI6di8gC&pg=PA87 Building an Ethics of Visual Representation: Contesting Epistemic Closure in Marketing Communication]. in Cutting Edge Issues in Business Ethics. M. P. Morland and P. Werhane. Boston, Springer pp. 87–108 {{ISBN|1-4020-8400-5}}</ref>

Marketing ethics involves pricing practices, including illegal actions such as [[price fixing]] and legal actions including [[price discrimination]] and [[price skimming]]. Certain promotional activities have drawn fire, including [[greenwash]]ing, [[bait and switch]], [[shill]]ing, [[viral marketing]], [[spam (electronic)]], [[pyramid scheme]]s and [[multi-level marketing]]. Advertising has raised objections about [[attack ad]]s, [[subliminal message]]s, [[sex in advertising]] and [[marketing in schools]].