Editing Brown v. Board of Education (section)

===North===
Many Northern cities also had [[Racial segregation#United States|de facto segregation]] policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In [[Harlem (Manhattan)|Harlem]], New York, for example, not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist, even as the [[Second Great Migration (African American)|Second Great Migration]] caused overcrowding of existing schools. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers. Northern officials were in denial of the segregation, but ''Brown'' helped stimulate activism among African-American parents like [[Mae Mallory]] who, with support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on ''Brown''{{'s}} principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first [[Freedom Schools]] of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of [[white flight]], however.)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkPnRoKK-XYC&pg=PA54 |first=Melissa F. |last=Weiner |title=Power, Protest, and the Public Schools: Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2010 |pages=51–66 |isbn=9780813547725 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Back |first1=Adina |title=Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth: The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools" in ''Freedom north: Black freedom struggles outside the South, 1940–1980 |url=http://hisofblackamfall2014.voices.wooster.edu/files/2014/08/Adina_Back_Exposing_the_Whole_Segregation_Myth3.pdf |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227045104/http://hisofblackamfall2014.voices.wooster.edu/files/2014/08/Adina_Back_Exposing_the_Whole_Segregation_Myth3.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |pages=65–91 |date=2003 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>