Editing British & Irish Lions (section)

==History==

===1888–1909===
[[File:British lions 1888.jpg|thumb|Shaw & Shrewsbury Team, 1888, The first British or Irish touring rugby team, a private-enterprise trip to Australia and New Zealand]]
The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21-man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35-match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of [[Australian rules football]], against prominent clubs in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these (see [[Australian rules football in England]]).

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|image1 = Image-England-Team,-SA-1891.jpg
|image2 = England-v-Cape-Colony-1891.jpg
|footer = Two images of the 1891 tour on South Africa where the team –despite its label as an 'England' side, included several Scots; (left): A group photograph of a team, (right): match v Cape Colony, the first of the tour that totalised 20 games
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The first tour, although unsanctioned by rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the [[Western Province (rugby)|Western Province union]] invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa. Some saw the [[1891 British Lions tour to South Africa|1891 team]] – the first sanctioned by the [[Rugby Football Union]] – as the [[England national rugby union team|England national team]], though others referred to it as "the British Isles". The tourists played a total of twenty matches, three of them tests. The team also played the regional side of South Africa (South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891), winning all three matches. In a notable event of the tour, the touring side presented the [[Currie Cup]] to [[Griqualand West]], the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour.

Five years later a British Isles side returned to South Africa. They played one extra match on this tour, making the total of 21 games, including four tests against South Africa, with the British Isles winning three of them. The squad had a notable Irish orientation, with the Ireland national team contributing six players to the 21-man squad.

[[File:British rugby team 1899.jpg|thumb|The full squad that in 1899 returned to Australia, where they played 21 games, including four tests]]
In 1899 the British Isles touring side returned to Australia for the first time since the unofficial tour of 1888. The squad of 23 for the first time ever had players from each of the home nations. The team again participated in 21 matches, playing state teams as well as northern [[Queensland]] sides and Victorian teams. A four-test series took place against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], the tourists winning three out of the four. The team returned via Hawaii and Canada playing additional games en route.

Four years later, in 1903, the British Isles team returned to South Africa. The opening performance of the side proved disappointing from the tourists' point of view, with defeats in its opening three matches by Western Province sides in [[Cape Town]]. From then on the team experienced mixed results, though more wins than losses. The side lost the test series to South Africa, drawing twice, but with the South Africans winning the decider 8 to nil.

[[File:1904 Lions in NZ.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Lions'' team that toured on Australia and New Zealand in 1904. They played four test, winning three]]
No more than twelve months passed before the British Isles team ventured to Australia and New Zealand in 1904. The tourists devastated the Australian teams, winning every single game. Australia also lost all three tests to the visitors, even getting held to a standstill in two of the three games. Though the New Zealand leg of the tour did not take long in comparison to the number of Australian games, the British Isles experienced considerable difficulty across the Tasman after whitewashing the Australians. The team managed two early wins before losing the test to New Zealand and only winning one more game as well as drawing once. Despite their difficulties in New Zealand, the tour proved a raging success on-field for the British Isles.

In 1908, another tour took place to Australia and New Zealand. In a reversal of previous practice, the planners allocated more matches in New Zealand rather than in Australia: perhaps the strength of the New Zealand teams and the heavy defeats of all Australian teams on the previous tour influenced this decision. Some commentators thought that this tour hoped to reach out to rugby communities in Australia, as [[rugby league]] (infamously) started in Australia in 1908. The Anglo-Welsh side (Irish and Scottish unions did not participate) performed well in all the non-test matches, but drew a test against New Zealand and lost the other two.
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===1910–1949===
[[File:British isles rugby team 1910.jpg|thumb|left|Official photo of the squad that toured on South Africa in 1910]]
Visits that took place before the 1910 South Africa tour (the first selected by a committee from the four Home Unions) had enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, although only one of these included representatives of all four nations. The 1910 tour to South Africa marked the official beginning of British Isles rugby tours: the inaugural tour operating under all four unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test teams, claiming victories in just over half their matches, and the test series went to South Africa, who won two of the three games. A side managed by Oxford University — supposedly the England rugby team, but actually including three Scottish players — [[1910 British Lions tour to Argentina|toured Argentina]] at the time: the people of Argentina termed it the "Combined British".

The next British Isles team tour did not take place until [[1924 British Lions tour to South Africa|1924]], again in South Africa. The team, led by [[Ronald Cove-Smith]], struggled with injuries and lost three of the four test matches, drawing the other 3–3. In total, 21 games were played, with the touring side winning 9, drawing 3 and losing 9.

[[File:British lions fourth test arg 1927.jpg|thumb|The British Lions before playing the 4th. match v. [[Argentina national rugby team|Argentina]] during their second tour to the country in [[1927 British Lions tour to Argentina|1927]]]]
In [[1927 British Lions tour to Argentina|1927]] a short, nine-game series took place in Argentina, with the British isles winning all nine encounters, and the tour was a financial success for [[Rugby union in Argentina|Argentine rugby]]. The Lions returned to New Zealand in 1930 with some success. The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]] and [[Canterbury Rugby Football Union|Canterbury]], but they lost three of their four test matches against [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]], winning the first test 6–3. The side also visited Australia, losing a test but winning five out of the six non-test games.

In [[1936 British Lions tour to Argentina|1936]] the British Isles visited Argentina for the third time, winning all ten of their matches and only conceding nine points in the whole tour. Two years later in 1938 the British Isles toured in South Africa, winning more than half of their normal matches. Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three, they won the final test. This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker.

===1950–1969===
The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950. The Lions, sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play, managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations. The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to [[Otago]] and [[Southland Region|Southland]], but succeeded in holding New Zealand to a 9–9 draw. The Lions performed well in the remaining All Black tests though they lost all three, the team did not lose another non-test in the New Zealand leg of the tour. The Lions won all their games in Australia except for their final fixture against a [[New South Wales]] XV in [[Newcastle, Australia|Newcastle]]. They won both tests against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]] and in Sydney.

In 1955 the Lions toured South Africa and left with another imposing record, one draw and 19 wins from the 25 fixtures. The four-test series against [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]], a thrilling affair, ended in a drawn series.

The 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand marked once again a very successful tour for the Lions, who only lost six of their 35 fixtures. The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against New Zealand, but did find victory (9–6) in the final test.

After the glittering decade of the 1950s, the first tour of the 1960s proved not nearly as successful as previous ones. The 1962 tour to South Africa saw the Lions still win 16 of their 25 games, but did not fare well against the Springboks, losing three of the four tests. For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand [[John Robins (rugby union)|John Robins]] became the first Lions coach, and the trip started off very well for the Lions, who stormed through Australia, winning five non-tests and drawing one, and defeating Australia in two tests. The Lions experienced mixed results during the New Zealand leg of the tour, as well as losing all of the tests against New Zealand. The Lions also played a test against [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada]] on their way home, winning 19 to 8 in [[Toronto]]. The 1968 tour of South Africa saw the Lions win 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but the team actually lost three tests against the Springboks and drew one.

===1970–1979===
The 1970s saw a renaissance for the Lions. The [[1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia]], centred around the skilled Welsh half-back pairing of [[Gareth Edwards (rugby union)|Gareth Edwards]] and [[Barry John]], secured a series win over New Zealand. The tour started with a loss to Queensland but proceeded to storm through the next provincial fixtures, winning 11 games in a row. The Lions then went on to defeat New Zealand in [[Dunedin]]. The Lions only lost one match on the rest of the tour and won the test series against New Zealand, winning and drawing the last two games, to take the series two wins to one.

The [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa]] was one of the best-known and most successful Lions teams. Apartheid concerns meant some players declined the tour. Nonetheless, led by the esteemed Irish forward [[Willie John McBride]], the tour went through 22 games unbeaten and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the test series. The series featured a lot of violence. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression. At that time, test match referees came from the home nation, substitutions took place only if a doctor found a player unable to continue and there were no video cameras or sideline officials to prevent violent play. The Lions decided "to get their retaliation in first" with the infamous "[[99 call]]". The Lions postulated that a South African referee would probably not send off all of the Lions if they all retaliated against "blatant thuggery". Famous video footage of the 'battle of [[EPRFU Stadium|Boet Erasmus Stadium']] shows [[J. P. R. Williams]] running over half of the pitch and launching himself at Van Heerden after such a call.

The [[1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand]] saw the Lions drop only one non-test out of 21 games, a loss to a Universities side. The team did not win the test series though, winning one game but losing the other three.

In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand. Fiji beat them 25–21 at Buckhurst Park, Suva.

===1980–1989===
The Lions toured [[1980 British Lions tour to South Africa|South Africa in 1980]], and completed a flawless non-test record, winning 14 out of 14 matches. The Lions lost the first three tests to South Africa, only winning the last one once the Springboks were guaranteed to win the series.

The [[1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand|1983 tour to New Zealand]] saw the team successful in the non-test games, winning all but two games, but being whitewashed in the test series against New Zealand.

A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986, but the invitation for the Lions to tour was never accepted because of controversy surrounding [[Apartheid]] and the tour did not go ahead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/155605.html |title=The Lions tour that never was, Cecil Afrika's Sevens' career and Shane Williams' try-scoring rate |date=5 December 2011 |last=Griffiths |first=John |work=ESPNscrum |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101205142/http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/155605.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997, after the Apartheid era. A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the [[International Rugby Board]] centenary match against '[[The Rest (rugby union)|The Rest]]'. The team was organised by the Four Home Unions Committee and the players were given the status of official British Lions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the British and Irish Lions |year=2005 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-84596-030-0 |page=202 |first=Clem |last=Thomas |author-link=Clem Thomas}}</ref>

The Lions tour to [[1989 British Lions tour to Australia|Australia in 1989]] was a shorter affair, being only 12 matches in total. The tour was very successful for the Lions, who won all eight non-test matches and won the test series against Australia, two to one.

===1990–1999===
The tour to [[1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand|New Zealand in 1993]] was the last of the amateur era. The Lions won six and lost four non-test matches, and lost the test series 2–1. The tour to [[1997 British Lions tour to South Africa|South Africa in 1997]] was a success for the Lions, who completed the tour with only two losses, and won the test series 2–1.

===2000–2009===
[[File:British and Irish Lions scrum.jpg|thumb|The British & Irish Lions against New Zealand in 2005]]
In 2001, the ten-game [[2001 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia|tour to Australia]] saw the [[Australia national rugby union team|Wallabies]] win the test series 2–1. This series saw the first award of the [[Tom Richards Trophy]]. In the [[2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand|Lions' 2005 tour to New Zealand]], coached by Clive Woodward, the Lions won seven games against provincial teams, were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team, and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests.

In 2009, the Lions [[2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa|toured South Africa]]. There they faced the [[2007 Rugby World Cup|World Cup]] winners South Africa, with [[Ian McGeechan]] leading a coaching team including [[Warren Gatland]], [[Shaun Edwards]] and [[Rob Howley]]. The Lions were captained by Irish lock [[Paul O'Connell]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/8007666.stm |title=O'Connell handed Lions captaincy |date=21 April 2009 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=21 April 2009 |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422012015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/8007666.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial Lions selection consisted of fourteen Irish players, thirteen Welsh, eight English and two Scots in the 37-man squad. In the first Test on 20 June, they lost 26–21, and lost the series in the second 28–25 in a tightly fought game at Loftus Versfeld on 27 June.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rugbybreakdown.co.uk/2009/06/springboks-take-the-series-sa-28-lions-25/ |title=Springboks Take The Series: SA 28 Lions 25 |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=Rugby Breakdown |archive-date=3 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703051320/http://rugbybreakdown.co.uk/2009/06/springboks-take-the-series-sa-28-lions-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Lions won the third Test 28–9 at [[Ellis Park Stadium|Ellis Park]], and the series finished 2–1 to South Africa.

===2010–2019===
During June 2013 the British & Irish Lions [[2013 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia|toured Australia]]. Former Scotland and Lions full-back [[Andy Irvine (rugby union)|Andy Irvine]] was appointed as tour manager in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Jones |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/rugby/andy-irvine-proud-to-be-named-lion-king-for-australia-tour-6526857.html |title=Andy Irvine proud to be named Lion king for Australia tour |work=[[Evening Standard]] |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=21 April 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013113007/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/rugby/andy-irvine-proud-to-be-named-lion-king-for-australia-tour-6526857.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions' head coach, and their tour captain was [[Sam Warburton]]. The tour started in Hong Kong with a match against the [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]] before moving on to Australia for the main tour featuring six provincial matches and three tests.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Lions line up match in Hong Kong |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/9102421.stm |department=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> The Lions won all but one non-test matches, losing to the [[Brumbies]] 14–12 on 18 June. The first test was followed shortly after this, which saw the Lions go 1-up over Australia winning 23–21. Australia did have a chance to take the win in the final moments of the game, but a missed penalty by [[Kurtley Beale]] saw the Lions take the win. The Wallabies drew the series in the second test winning 16–15, though the Lions had a chance to steal the win had it not been because of a missed penalty by [[Leigh Halfpenny]]. With tour captain Warburton out of the final test due to injury, [[Alun Wyn Jones]] took over the captaincy in the final test in Sydney. The final test was won by the Lions in what was a record win, winning 41–16 to earn their first series win since [[1997 British Lions tour to South Africa|1997]] and their first over Australia since [[1989 British Lions tour to Australia|1989]].

Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013, Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions Head Coach for the [[2017 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand|tour to New Zealand]] in June and July 2017. In April 2016, it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton. The touring schedule included 10 games: an opening game against the [[New Zealand Barbarians|Provincial Barbarians]], challenge matches against all five of New Zealand's [[Super Rugby]] sides, a match against the [[Māori All Blacks]] and three tests against {{nrut|New Zealand}}. The Lions defeated the Provincial Barbarians in the first game of the tour, before being beaten by the [[Blues (Super Rugby)|Blues]] three days later. The team recovered to beat the [[Crusaders (rugby union)|Crusaders]] but this was followed up with another midweek loss, this time against the [[Highlanders (rugby union)|Highlanders]]. The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks, winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the [[Chiefs (Super Rugby)|Chiefs]]. On 24 June, the Lions, captained by [[Peter O'Mahony]], faced New Zealand in [[Eden Park]] in the first Test and were beaten 30–15. This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour, a draw against the [[Hurricanes (rugby union)|Hurricanes]]. For the second Test, Gatland recalled Warburton to the starting team as captain. In [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], the Lions beat a 14-man New Zealand side 24–21 after Sonny Bill Williams was red-carded at the 24-minute mark after a shoulder charge on Anthony Watson. This tied the series going into the final game, ending the side's 47-game winning run at home. In the final test at Eden Park the following week, the teams were tied at 15 points apiece with 78 minutes gone. Romain Poite signaled a penalty to New Zealand for an offside infringement after Ken Owens received the ball in front of his teammate Liam Williams, giving New Zealand the opportunity to kick for goal and potentially win the series. Poite, however, decided to downgrade the penalty to a free-kick after discussing with assistant referee Jérôme Garcès and Lions captain Sam Warburton. The match finished as a draw and the series was tied.

===2020–present===
Warren Gatland was Lions head coach again for the [[2021 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa|tour to South Africa in 2021]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jun/12/warren-gatland-to-lead-british-and-irish-lions-for-2021-tour-to-south-africa-rugby-union |title=Gatland 'honoured' after becoming only second man to lead Lions for third time |date=19 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=12 June 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612105131/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jun/12/warren-gatland-to-lead-british-and-irish-lions-for-2021-tour-to-south-africa-rugby-union |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, the Lions' Test venues were announced,<ref>{{Cite web |title=British & Irish Lions dates, venues for SA 2021 tour announced |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/Rugby/BritishandIrishLions2021/british-irish-lions-dates-venues-for-sa-2021-tour-announced-20191204 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=News24 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062016/https://www.news24.com/sport/Rugby/BritishandIrishLions2021/british-irish-lions-dates-venues-for-sa-2021-tour-announced-20191204 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the tour was significantly disrupted by the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, and all the games were played behind closed doors. South Africa won the test series by two games to one. In the deciding third test, Morne Steyn again kicked a late penalty to win the series. In 2024, it was announced that [[Andy Farrell]] would succeed Gatland as the Lions head coach.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/67935698 |title=Andy Farrell named British and Irish Lions head coach for 2025 tour to Australia |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2024-01-11 |date=2024-01-11}}</ref> A [[British & Irish Lions (women)|women's Lions team]] was established in 2024, with their inaugural tour to New Zealand to take place in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |title=British and Irish Lions to face New Zealand in first women's tour in 2027 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/67992356 |website=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 }}</ref>