Editing Beta (section)

=== Slang ===
{{main|Alpha and beta male}}

''Beta male'', or simply ''beta'', is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, ''[[Alpha and beta male|alpha male.]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawley |first1=P. H. |last2=Little |first2=Todd D. |last3=Card |first3=Noel A. |date=January 2008 |title=The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247779752 |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=76–88|doi=10.1177/0165025407084054 |s2cid=145156929 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hosie |first=Rachel |date=9 May 2017 |title=The Myth of the Alpha Male |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-myth-of-the-alpha-male-a7724971.html}}</ref> The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of [[manosphere]] communities, particularly [[incel]]s, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally [[masculine]], and feel overlooked by women.<ref name="Jones 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=Trott |first2=Verity |last3=Wright |first3=Scott |date=2020 |title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment |journal=New Media & Society |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1903–1921 |doi=10.1177/1461444819887141 |s2cid=210530415 |issn=1461-4448 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas 2018">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Lucy |last2=Agius |first2=Christine |year=2018 |title=The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7 |isbn=978-3-319-68359-1 |lccn=2017954971 |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811114131/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in [[heterosexual]] relationships.