Editing Belfast (section)

=== North Belfast and Shankill ===
From 1820, Belfast began to spread rapidly beyond its 18th century limits. To the north, it stretched out along roads which drew into the town migrants from Scots-settled hinterland of [[County Antrim]].<ref name=":4" /> Largely Presbyterian, they enveloped a number of Catholic-occupied "[[Tied cottage|mill-row]]" clusters: [[New Lodge, Belfast|New Lodge]], [[Ardoyne]] and "the Marrowbone".<ref>{{Cite web |last=P&P |date=13 November 2021 |title=Ardoyne – The Story of a Village |url=https://www.belfastentries.com/places/ardoyne/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=Belfast Entries |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130012830/https://www.belfastentries.com/places/ardoyne/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Liggett |first=Michael |title=District Called the Bone: Brief History of the 'Marrowbone' Area of Belfast |publisher=Glenravel Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-9519261-2-3 |location=Belfast }}</ref> Together with areas of more substantial housing in the [[Oldpark (District Electoral Area)|Oldpark district]], these are wedged between Protestant working-class housing stretching from [[Shore Road, Belfast|Tiger's Bay]] out the Shore Road on one side, and up the [[Shankill Road|Shankill]] (the original Antrim Road) on the other.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Belfast – Industry, Tourism, Religious Segregation, Map |url=https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/belfast.html |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=wesleyjohnston.com |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092223/http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/belfast.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Greater Shankill area, including [[Crumlin Road|Crumlin]] and [[Court (District Electoral Area)|Woodvale]], is over the line from the [[Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast North]] parliamentary/assembly constituency, but is physically separated from the rest of [[Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast West]] by an extensive series of separation barriers<ref>{{Citation |last=Naked Ireland |title=The West Belfast Peace Wall between the Nationalist Falls/Springfield road and the Loyalist Shankill |date=2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3xls7PLnAM |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117210943/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3xls7PLnAM |url-status=live }}</ref>—[[Peace lines|peace walls]]—owned (together with five daytime gates into the [[Falls Road, Belfast|Falls area]]) by the [[Department of Justice (Northern Ireland)|Department of Justice]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=FactCheckNI |date=16 December 2016 |title=Who opens and closes interface gates? |url=https://factcheckni.org/topics/peace/who-opens-and-closes-interface-gates/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=FactCheckNI |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171938/https://factcheckni.org/topics/peace/who-opens-and-closes-interface-gates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These include Cupar Way where tourists are informed that, at 45 feet, the barrier is "three times higher than the [[Berlin Wall]] and has been in place for twice as long".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=What is a peace wall? An explainer |url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2023/07/27/news/what_is_a_peace_line_-3474436/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=The Irish News |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406112047/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2023/07/27/news/what_is_a_peace_line_-3474436/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With other working-class districts, Shankill suffered from the "collapse of old industrial Belfast".<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=The Rape and Plunder of the Shankill Revisited |url=https://archive.northernvisions.org/specialcollections/ogfeatures/the-rape-and-plunder-of-the-shankill-revisited/ |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Northern Visions |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927173748/https://archive.northernvisions.org/specialcollections/ogfeatures/the-rape-and-plunder-of-the-shankill-revisited/ |url-status=live }}</ref> But it was also greatly affected from the 1960s by the city's most ambitious programme of "slum clearance". Red-brick, "two up, two down" terraced streets, typical of 19th century working-class housing, were replaced with flats, maisonettes, and car parks but few facilities. In a period of twenty years, due largely to redevelopment, 50,000 residents left the area leaving an aging population of 26,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redpath |first=Jackie |date=1995 |title=CAIN: Templegrove: Fifth Public Discussion – The Shankill and the Falls: The Minority Experiences |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/segregat/temple/discus5.htm |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=cain.ulster.ac.uk |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021225718/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/segregat/temple/discus5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":03" /> and more than 100 acres of wasteland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzmaurice |first=Maurice |date=29 June 2021 |title=Project highlights over 100 acres of wasteground in Greater Shankill |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/shankill-road-project-highlights-acres-20929613 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Belfast Live |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221010619/https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/shankill-road-project-highlights-acres-20929613 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Belfast Urban Motorway|road schemes]], including the terminus of the [[M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)|M1 motorway]] and the [[Westlink (road)|Westlink]], demolished a mixed dockland community, [[Sailortown (Belfast)|Sailortown]], and severed the streets linking the Shankill area and the rest of both north and west Belfast to the city centre.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martire |first=Agustina |date=2017 |title=Walking the Streets: No More Motorways for Belfast |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/162507950/F17_57502_Final_OA.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Spaces and Flows |volume=8 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610231419/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/162507950/F17_57502_Final_OA.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=25 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Wesley |url= |title=The Belfast Urban Motorway: Engineering, Ambition and Social Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Colourpoint Books |isbn=978-1-78073-047-9 }}</ref>

New "green field" housing estates were built on the outer edges of the city. The onset of the Troubles overwhelmed attempts to promote these as "mixed" neighbourhoods so that the largest of these developments on the city's northern edge, [[Rathcoole (Newtownabbey)|Rathcoole]], rapidly solidified as a [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAIN: Issues: Housing – Intimidation in Housing by John Darby (1974) – Chapter 6 |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/housing/docs/nicrc6.htm |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=cain.ulster.ac.uk |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918212811/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/housing/docs/nicrc6.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, it was estimated that 98% of public housing in Belfast was divided along religious lines.<ref name="SelfImposed">"[https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1191027,00.html Self-imposed Apartheid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515173208/https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1191027,00.html |date=15 May 2020 }}", by [[Mary O'Hara]], published in ''[[The Guardian]]'' on Wednesday 14 April 2004. Accessed on Sunday, 22 July 2007.</ref>

Among the principal landmarks of north Belfast are the [[HM Prison Belfast|Crumlin Road Gaol]] (1845) now a major visitor attraction, [[Belfast Royal Academy]] (1785) - the oldest school in the city, [[St Malachy's College]] (1833), [[Holy Cross Church, Ardoyne]] (1902), [https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/things-to-do/parks-and-open-spaces/a-z-parks/waterworks Waterworks Park] (1889), and [[Belfast Zoo]] (1934).