Editing Bear (section)

===Communication===
[[File:Ursus thibetanus 01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Captive animal|Captive]] [[Asian black bear]]s during an aggressive encounter]]

Bears produce a number of vocal and non-vocal sounds. Tongue-clicking, grunting or chuffing many be made in cordial situations, such as between mothers and cubs or courting couples, while moaning, huffing, snorting or blowing air is made when an individual is stressed. Barking is produced during times of alarm, excitement or to give away the animal's position. Warning sounds include jaw-clicking and lip-popping, while teeth-chatters, [[Bellow (sound)|bellows]], [[growling|growl]]s, [[roar]]s and pulsing sounds are made in aggressive encounters. Cubs may squeal, bawl, bleat or scream when in distress and make motor-like humming when comfortable or nursing.<ref name="Ward117">{{Harvnb|Ward|Kynaston|1995|pp=117–121}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Naughton, D.|year=2014|title=The Natural History of Canadian Mammals: Opossums and Carnivores|publisher=University of Toronto Press|pages=218–219, 236, 251–252|isbn=978-1-4426-4483-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vocalizations and Body Language |url=https://www.bear.org/website/bear-pages/black-bear/communication/29-vocalizations-a-body-language.html |publisher=North American Bear Center |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132123/https://www.bear.org/website/bear-pages/black-bear/communication/29-vocalizations-a-body-language.html |archive-date=2016-12-23  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Masterson, Linda|year=2016|title=Living With Bears Handbook: Expanded 2nd Edition|publisher=PixyJack Press|pages=215–16|isbn=978-1-936555-61-1}}</ref><ref name=Petersetal2007>{{cite journal |author=Peters, G. |author2=Owen, M. |author3=Rogers, L. |year=2007 |title=Humming in bears: a peculiar sustained mammalian vocalization |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=379–389 |doi=10.1007/BF03194236 |s2cid=24886480 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227146528 |access-date=2017-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154521/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/227146528_Humming_in_bears_a_peculiar_sustained_mammalian_vocalization/file/3deec5187efc99c3fc.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Laurie, A.|author2=Seidensticker, J.|year=1977|title=Behavioural ecology of the Sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus'')|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=182|issue=2|pages=187–204|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04155.x|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229976355|access-date=2017-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170117/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Seidensticker/publication/229976355_Behavioural_ecology_of_the_Sloth_bear_Melursus_ursinus/links/53db8a9e0cf2a76fb667a2d1.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Standing Sloth Bear.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sloth bear]] rubbing against a tree at [[Nagarhole Tiger Reserve]], India]]

Bears sometimes communicate with visual displays such as [[bipedalism|standing upright]], which exaggerates the individual's size. The chest markings of some species may add to this intimidating display. Staring is an aggressive act and the facial markings of spectacled bears and giant pandas may help draw attention to the eyes during [[Agonistic behavior|agonistic]] encounters.<ref name="Ward124">{{Harvnb|Ward|Kynaston|1995|pp=124–125}}</ref> Individuals may approach each other by stiff-legged walking with the head lowered. Dominance between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing the [[canine teeth]], muzzle twisting and neck stretching.  A subordinate may respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head and by sitting or lying down.<ref name="Stonorov">{{cite journal |author1=Stonorov, D. |author2=Stokes, A. W. |year=1972 |title=Social behavior of the Alaska brown bear |volume=2 |pages=232–242 |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Stonorov_Stokes.pdf |doi=10.2307/3872587 |journal= Bears: Their Biology and Management|access-date=2017-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722184419/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Stonorov_Stokes.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=live |jstor=3872587 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jordan, R. H. |s2cid=89660730 |year=1976 |title=Threat behavior of the black bear (''Ursus americanus'') |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=40 |pages=57–63 |doi=10.2307/3872754|jstor=3872754 }}</ref>

Bears also communicate with their scent by [[Urination|urinating]] on<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elbroch |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGHgFgtJDQYC&dq=urine+rubbing&pg=PA194 |title=Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California |last2=Kresky |first2=Michael |last3=Evans |first3=Jonah Wy |date=2012-02-11 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25378-0 |language=en}}</ref> or [[Scent rubbing|rubbing]] against trees and other objects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clapham|first1=M|last2=Nevin|first2=O. T.|last3=Ramsey|first3=A. D.|last4=Rossell|first4=F|year=2014|title=Scent-marking investment and motor patterns are affected by the age and sex of wild brown bears|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=94|pages=107–116|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.05.017|s2cid=54371123}}</ref> This is usually accompanied by clawing and biting the object. Bark may be spread around to draw attention to the marking post.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ward|Kynaston|1995|p=122}}</ref> Pandas establish territories by marking objects with urine and a waxy substance from their anal glands.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nie, Y. |author2=Swaisgood, R. R. |author3=Zhang, Z. |author4=Hu, Y. |author5=Ma, Y. |author6=Wei, F. |year=2012 |title=Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild: role of season, sex and marking surface |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.026|s2cid=53256022 }}</ref> Polar bears leave behind their scent in their tracks which allow individuals to keep track of one another in the vast Arctic wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Owen, M. A.|author2=Swaisgood, R. R. |author3=Slocomb, C. |author4=Amstrup, S. C. |author5=Durner, G. M. |author6=Simac, K. |author7=Pessier, A. P. |year=2014 |title=An experimental investigation of chemical communication in the polar bear |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=295 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12181}}</ref>