Editing Antioch (section)

== Crusader era ==
{{Main|Principality of Antioch}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of the Principality of Antioch}}

[[File:Capture of Antioch by Bohemond of Tarente in June 1098.JPG|thumb|250px|A 19th-century painting of the [[Siege of Antioch|capture of Antioch]] by [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemund of Taranto]] in June 1098.]]

The Crusaders' [[Siege of Antioch]] conquered the city in June 1098 after a siege lasting eight months on their way to Jerusalem. At this time, the bulk of far eastern trade traveled through Egypt, but in the second half of the 12th century [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ed-Din]] and later [[Saladin]] brought order to Muslim Syria, opening up long-distance trade routes, including to Antioch and on to its new port, [[Port Saint Symeon|St Symeon]], which had replaced Seleucia Pieria. However, the Mongol conquests of the 13th century altered the main trade routes from the far east, as they encouraged merchants to take the overland route through Mongol territory to the Black Sea, reducing the prosperity of Antioch.<ref>Steven Runciman, ''A History of the Crusades, Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1955, pp. 326, 354–359</ref> Surrounding the city were a number of Greek, Syrian, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin monasteries.<ref>''Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice-Mary Talbot'', [[Alice-Mary Maffry Talbot]], Denis Sullivan, Elizabeth A. Fisher, Stratis Papaioannou, p. 281</ref>

===Consolidation of the Principality===
In 1100, [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] became the [[regent]] of Antioch after his uncle and predecessor [[Bohemond I of Antioch]] was taken prisoner for three years (1100–03) by [[Gazi Gümüshtigin]] of the [[Danishmends]] at the [[Battle of Melitene]]. Tancred expanded the territory of Antioch by conquering [[Cilicia|Byzantine Cilicia]], [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], and [[Adana]] in 1101. In 1107 Bohemond enraged by an earlier defeat, renamed Tancred as the regent of Antioch so he could sail for Europe with the intent of gaining support for an attack against the Greeks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofan00boucuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |title=A short history of Antioch, 300 B.C.–A.D. 1268 |access-date=2013-03-25|publisher=Oxford, Blackwell |year=1921 }}</ref><ref>Antioch (International Internet Preservation Consortium)</ref>

Bohemond laid siege to Dyrrachium but capitulated in September 1108 and was forced to accede to a peace accord, the [[Treaty of Devol]] which stipulated that Bohemond was to hold Antioch for the remainder of his life as the emperor's subject and the Greek patriarch was to be restored to power in the city. However, Tancred refused to honor the Treaty of Deabolis in which Bohemond swore an oath, and it is not until 1156 that it truly became a [[vassal]] state of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>The Crusades The War For The Holy Land by Thomas Asbridge p. 114 (p.3) to p. 115</ref><ref>Ibn al-Athir vol. 2, p. 320; Hillenbrand, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&q=Antioch The Crusades: Islamic perspectives], pp. 175–185</ref> Six months after the [[Treaty of Devol|Treaty of Deabolis]] Bohemond died, and Tancred remained regent of Antioch until his death during a typhoid epidemic in 1112.

After the death of Tancred, the principality passed to [[Roger of Salerno]], who helped rebuild Antioch after [[1114 Marash earthquake|an earthquake]] destroyed its foundations in 1114. With the death of Roger at the [[Battle of Ager Sanguinis]] in 1119, the role of regent was assumed by [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]], lasting until 1126. In 1126 [[Bohemond II of Antioch|Bohemond II]] arrived from Apulia to gain regency over Antioch. In 1130 Bohemond was lured into an ambush by [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia]] who allied with the [[Danishmend]] [[Gazi Gümüshtigin]], and was killed in the subsequent battle.<ref>A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187.</ref><ref>The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393).</ref>

Antioch was again ruled by a regency, firstly being Baldwin II, after his daughter and Bohemond II's wife, [[Alice of Antioch]] attempted to block Baldwin from entering Antioch, but failed when Antiochene nobles such as [[Fulk of Jerusalem]] (Alice's brother-in-law) opened up the gates for representatives of Baldwin II. Alice was then expelled from Antioch. With the death of Baldwin in 1131, Alice briefly took control of Antioch and allied herself with [[Pons of Tripoli]] and [[Joscelin II of Edessa]] in an attempt to prevent [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem]] from marching north in 1132; however, this attempt failed. In 1133 the king chose [[Raymond of Poitiers]] as a groom for [[Constance of Antioch]], daughter of [[Bohemund II of Antioch]] and [[Alice of Antioch|Alice]], [[kingdom of Jerusalem|princess of Jerusalem]].<ref>Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1095–1188): Autobiography: Excerpts on the Franks, c. 1175 CE.</ref> The marriage took place in 1136 between the 21-year-old Raymond and the 9-year-old Constance.

Immediately after assuming control, Raymond was involved in conflicts with the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[John II Comnenus]] who had come south to recover [[Cilicia]] from [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leo of Armenia]], and to reassert his rights over Antioch. The engagement lasted until 1137 when emperor John II arrived with an army before the walls of Antioch. Although the [[basileus]] did not enter the city, his banner was raised atop the citadel and Raymond was compelled to do homage. Raymond agreed with the emperor that if he was capable of capturing [[Aleppo]], [[Shaizar]], and [[Homs]], he would exchange Antioch for them.<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[Annales Herbipolenses]]'', s.a. 1147: A Hostile View of the Crusade</ref> John went on to attack Aleppo with the aid of Antioch and Edessa, and failed to capture it, with the Franks withdrawing their support when he moved on to capture Shaizar. John returned to Antioch ahead of his army and entered Antioch, only to be forced to leave when [[Joscelin II, Count of Edessa]] rallied the citizens to oust him.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> After the [[fall of Edessa]] in 1144, many Syriac Orthodox Christians came into the city, spreading the veneration of Mor Barsauma among the local population which resulted in the building of a church to the saint in 1156.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006|pp=113–114}}

=== Second Crusade ===
Nur ad-Din Zangi attacked Antioch in both 1147 and 1148 and succeeded during the second venture in occupying most of the territory east of the [[Orontes river|Orontes]] but failed to capture Antioch itself. [[Louis VII of France]] arrived in Antioch on March 19, 1148, where he was welcomed by the uncle of his spouse [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], Raymond of Poitiers.

Louis refused to help Antioch defend against the Turks and to lead an expedition against Aleppo, and instead decided to finish his pilgrimage to Jerusalem rather than focus on the military aspect of the Crusades. With Louis quickly leaving Antioch again and the Crusaders returning home in 1149.<ref>The Crusades: A Documentary Survey Brundage</ref>

With Raymond dead and [[Bohemond III]] only five years of age, the principality came under the control of Raymond's widow [[Constance of Antioch]]; however, real control lay with [[Aimery of Limoges]]. In 1153, Constance chose [[Raynald of Châtillon]] and married him in secret without consulting her first cousin and liege lord, Baldwin III, and neither Baldwin nor Aimery of Limoges approved of her choice.<ref>Les Familles d'Outremer</ref>

In 1156 Raynald claimed that the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel I Comnenus]] had reneged on his promises to pay Raynald a sum of money, and would later attack Cyprus.<ref>od's War: A New History of the Crusade</ref> This caused [[Manuel I Comnenus]] to raise an army to Syria. Raynald then surrendered, the emperor insisted on the installation of a Greek Patriarch and the surrender of the citadel in Antioch. The following spring, Manuel made a triumphant entry into the city and established himself as the unquestioned [[suzerain]] of Antioch.

In 1160 Raynald was captured by Muslims and held captive for 16 years, with Raynald disposed of for a long time, the patriarch Aimery became the new regent, chosen by Baldwin III. To further consolidate his own claim over Antioch, Manuel chose [[Maria of Antioch]] as his bride, daughter of Constance and Raymond. Antioch remained in crisis until 1163 when Constance asked the Armenia to help maintain her rule, as a result the citizens of Antioch exiled her and installed her son [[Bohemond III]] and now brother-in-law to the emperor, as regent.<ref>Religious and Military Crusader Orders in Syria in the 12th and 13th Centuries. Amman 2003.</ref>

One year later, [[Nur ad-Din Zangi]] captured Bohemond III but was soon released; however, [[Harem, Syria]], which Raynald had recaptured in 1158, was lost again and the frontier of Antioch was permanently placed west of the Orontes.<ref>Seeing Islam as Others Saw
Athanasius II</ref><ref>Earthquakes in Syria during the Crusades. Cairo 1996.</ref>

=== Third Crusade ===
While travelling on crusade, Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] drowned in the river [[Saleph]]. His son, [[Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia|Frederick VI]], then led the remnant of the Crusader army south towards Antioch.{{sfn|Hosler|2018|p=64}} Subsequently, he arranged for his father's flesh remains to be buried in the Cathedral of Saint Peter in Antioch.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=512}} Throughout the Third Crusade, Antioch remained neutral; however, with the end of the Third Crusade (1192), they were included in the [[Treaty of Ramla]] between Richard and Saladin.<ref>Axelrod, Alan and Charles L. Phillips, editors. "Encyclopedia of Historical Treaties and Alliances, Vol. 1". Zenda Inc., New York, 2001</ref><ref>Wolff p. 113</ref><ref>Konstam, Historical Atlas of the Crusades, 162</ref><ref>Comyn, p. 267</ref>

[[Henry II, Count of Champagne]] travelled to [[Lesser Armenia]] and managed to persuade Leo that in exchange for Antioch, renouncing its overlordship to Lesser Armenia and to release Bohemond, who died in 1201. With the death of Bohemond III there followed a 15-year struggle for power of Antioch, between Tripoli and Lesser Armenia. According to the rules of [[primogeniture]] Leo's great nephew Raymond-Roupen was the rightful heir of Antioch, and Leo's position was supported by the pope. On the other hand, however, the city commune of Antioch supported [[Bohemond IV of Antioch]], on the grounds that he was the closest blood relative to the last ruling prince, Bohemond III. In 1207 Bohemond IV installed a Greek patriarch in Antioch, despite the [[East–West Schism]], under the help of Aleppo, Bohemond IV drove Leo out of Antioch.<ref>A short history of Antioch, 300&nbsp;B.C.–A.D. 1268 (1921)</ref><ref>Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades</ref>

=== Fifth Crusade ===
{{See also|Armeno-Mongol relations}}
The calling of the [[Fifth Crusade]] strengthened the support of Ayyubid Sultan [[al-Adil I]] who supported Raymond-Roupen's claims in Antioch. In 1216 Leo installed Raymond-Roupen as prince of Antioch, ending all military aspect of the struggle between Tripoli and Lesser Armenia, but the citizens again revolted against Raymond-Roupen in {{circa|1219}} and Bohemond of Tripoli was recognised as prince. From 1233 onwards Antioch declined and appeared rarely in records for 30 years, and in 1254 the altercations of the past between Antioch and Armenia were laid to rest when [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]] married the then 17‑year‑old [[Sibylla of Armenia]], and Bohemond VI became a vassal of the Armenian kingdom. Effectively, the Armenian kings ruled Antioch while the prince of Antioch resided in Tripoli. The Armenians drew up a treaty with the Mongols, who were now ravaging Muslim lands, and under protection they extended their territory into the lands of the [[Seljuq dynasty]] in the north and the Aleppo territory to the south. Antioch was part of this Armeno-Mongol alliance. Bohemond VI managed to retake Lattakieh and reestablished the land bridge between Antioch and Tripoli, while the Mongols insisted he install the Greek patriarch there rather than a Latin one as the Mongols wanted to strengthen ties to the Orthodox Byzantines.<ref>Jean Richard, The Crusades: c. 1071{{snd}}c. 1291, pp 423–426</ref><ref>"Ghazan resumed his plans against Egypt in 1297: the Franco-Mongol cooperation had thus survived, in spite of the loss of Acre by the Franks, and the conversion of the Persian Mongols to Islam. It was to remain one of the political factors of the policy of the Crusades, until the peace treaty with the Mumluks, which was only signed in 1322 by the khan Abu Said", Jean Richard, p. 468</ref>

=== Fall of Antioch ===
{{See also|Siege of Antioch (1268)}}
In 1268, Baibars besieged Antioch, capturing the city on May 18. Baibars promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but broke his promise and razed the city, killing or enslaving nearly the entire population upon their surrender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108224216/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777|url-status=dead|title=Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars|archivedate=January 8, 2009}}</ref> Antioch's ruler, [[Bohemond VI of Antioch|Prince Bohemond VI]] was then left with no territories except the County of Tripoli. Without any southern fortifications and with Antioch isolated it could not withstand the resurgent Muslim forces, and with the fall of the city, the remainder of northern Syria eventually capitulated, ending the Latin presence in Syria.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/30*.html New scourge from Egypt], A History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian</ref> The Mamluk armies killed or enslaved every Christian in Antioch.<ref>Michaud, ''The History of the Crusades'', Vol. 3, p. 18; available [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mAcMAAAAYAAJ in full at Internet Archive]. In a footnote Michaud claims reliance on "the chronicle of Ibn Ferat" (Michaud, Vol. 3, p. 22) for much of the information he has concerning the ''Mussulmans''.</ref> In 1355 it still had a considerable population, but by 1432 there were only about 300 inhabited houses within its walls, mostly occupied by [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turcomans]].<ref>Runciman, op. cit., p. 326.</ref>