Editing Anthony Wayne (section)

===Command of the Legion of the United States===
{{main|Legion of the United States}}
 [[File:Anthony Wayne, uniform.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Wayne, circa 1795]]
Upon accepting his new position, Wayne said, "I clearly foresee that it is a command which must inevitably be attended with the most anxious care, fatigue, and difficulty, and from which more may be expected than will be in my power to perform."<ref name="Gaff-2008" /> As the new commanding officer for the Legion of the United States, Wayne was first tasked with increasing the number of soldiers in his force. He expanded [[Fort Hamilton]] while he began recruiting in the spring of 1792 in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Hamilton History - New |url=https://www.bchistoricalsociety.com/fort-hamilton-history/ |website=Butler County Historical Society}}</ref> Although recruiting proved to be a difficult effort with the failures of past American expeditions still fresh, Wayne eventually was able to successfully boost the number of soldiers in the Legion.<ref name="Brooke-1895" /> He helped create several infantry regiments that still exist today, one of them being the Third United States Infantry, called 1st Sub-Legion at the time and later named [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|Third Regiment of Infantry]].<ref name="history.army.mil">{{Cite web |title=Third Regiment of Infantry {{!}} The Army of the US Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief |url=https://history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-3IN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620012207/http://www.history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-3IN.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 20, 2008 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=history.army.mil}}</ref>

Wayne then established [[Fort Lafayette (Pennsylvania)|Fort Lafayette]] on September 4, 1792, as a frontier settlement from [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]].<ref name="Tucker-2013">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59884-530-3 |pages=412–427 |language=en}}</ref> Based on earlier failures of American generals, it was vital to train new soldiers and prepare them for new conflicts. Wayne established a basic training facility at [[Legionville]] to prepare professional soldiers for the reorganized army, stating that the area near Pittsburgh was "a frontier [[Gomorrah (city)|Gomorrah]]" that distracted troops.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Using the ''[[Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States]]'' authored by Prussian military officer [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], Wayne began to train his troops.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> This was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular Army recruits, and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose. Wayne set up a well-organized structure of sub-legions led by [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier generals]], seen as forerunners of today's [[brigade combat team]]s.<ref name="Quintin">{{cite web |last=Quintin |first=Brandon |date=24 June 2019 |title=Assessment of the Legion as the Ideal Small Wars Force Structure |url=https://divergentoptions.org/2019/06/24/assessment-of-the-legion-as-the-ideal-small-wars-force-structure/ |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=Divergent Options}}</ref> Wayne was a strict [[disciplinarian]] and executed several troops for offenses.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Two soldiers were executed for sleeping at their posts.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> He required his soldiers to adhere to a sharp dress code, with each sub-legion having a distinctive cap and [[Military colours, standards and guidons#United States Army|regimental standards]] with their unit colors.<ref name="Stockwell-2018"/> On April 7, 1793, Wayne's troops moved to [[Fort Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]] in Ohio and continued their intense training while also entrenching themselves to repel potential attacks.<ref name="Tucker-2013" />

Although some experts today are quick to point to the drawbacks of Wayne's severe disciplinary methods, Major John Brooke finds they also helped build confidence among his troops.<ref name="Brooke-1895">{{Cite journal |last=Brooke |first=John |title=Anthony Wayne: His Campaign against the Indians of the Northwest |journal=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1895 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=387–396 |jstor=20085650 }}</ref> Each day, he allowed troops to receive half a gill of whiskey with their rations and an extra one for the best shooters. Barrels of rum, whiskey, wine, flour, and rations were stockpiled at various forts and traveled with Wayne's legion.<ref name="Stockwell-2018" /> Brooke goes on to write about Wayne's strong relationship with his soldiers, "The winter passed drearily at Greeneville. They were almost in the heart of the Indian country, cut off from communication with the outside world, and surrounded by crafty and treacherous foes. Wayne shared the hardships and privations of his men, and personally saw that discicipline and instruction were kept up. The sentinel on post might know when to expect the conventional visit from the officer of the day, but he never knew at what hour he might see the form of the commander-in-chief emerge from the wintry gloom."<ref name="Brooke-1895" /> Wayne's support of his soldiers builds on his earlier experiences with his soldiers during the Revolutionary War.<ref name="Pennypacker-1908" />

During his command of the Legion of the United States, Wayne also encountered domestic problems en route to securing the Northwest Territory. On May 5, 1793, Wayne entered [[Cincinnati]] in preparation for future conflict further West. Although Kentucky was a newly independent state after breaking away from [[Virginia]], many citizens still believed that the United States federal government did little to protect their economic interests in the region. Historian Paul David Nelson writes of the local sentiment,"Thus, a few of Kentucky's citizens continued into 1793 to plot all sorts of schemes, including assisting the French to attack Spanish territory, using [[Kentucky]] as a base of operations; taking Kentucky out of the federal union and uniting it with the [[Spanish Empire]]; and striking a deal with some Canadian citizens to form a separate nation in the West, free from the control of the United States, Britain, or Spain."<ref name="Nelson-1986">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |date=1986 |title="Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Kentuckians of the 1790s |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society  |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |jstor=23381138 }}</ref> After learning of a smaller than originally anticipated military force, Wayne had to turn to recruiting local Kentucky citizens with the help of Kentucky Governor, [[Isaac Shelby]]. Although Wayne was able to successfully add Kentucky citizens to the Legion, there were still fewer than expected and many joined too late to have a significant impact.<ref name="Nelson-1986" /> Nelson goes on to write about the ineffectiveness of the Kentucky troops during the Northwest Indian War, "Once the Kentucky soldiers reached Wayne's winter head quarters, moreover, they did not cover themselves with glory. The commander, knowing that the troops were restless and murmuring about returning to their home state, suggested to Scott in late October that the Kentucky Mounted Volunteers be detached for a 'desultory expedition against the Indian Villages at Au Glaize'...To Wayne's utter disgust, one-third of Scott's men — through no fault of Scott — simply decamped for home in mid November without order."<ref name="Nelson-1986" />

On December 24, 1793, Wayne dispatched a force to Ohio to establish [[Fort Recovery]] at the location of St. Clair's defeat as a base of operations.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Friendly Native Americans helped Wayne recover a cannon that the attackers had buried nearby, with its redeployment at the fort.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> The fort became a magnet for military skirmishes in the summer of 1794, with an attack led by Miami chief [[Little Turtle]] failing after two days and resulting in [[Blue Jacket]] becoming war leader.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> In response, the British built [[Fort Miami (Ohio)|Fort Miami]] to block Wayne's advance and to protect [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)#Fort Lernoult under the British|Fort Lernoult]] in Detroit. Wayne's army continued north, building strategically defensive forts ahead of the main force. British officer [[Alexander McKee]] provided strategic battle advice to the western confederacy beforehand.{{sfn|Sword|2003|page=296}}

On August 3, 1794, a tree fell on Wayne's tent at Fort Adams in northern [[Mercer County, Ohio|Mercer County.]] He was knocked unconscious, but he recovered sufficiently to resume the march the next day to the newly built [[Fort Defiance (Ohio)|Fort Defiance]] on August 8, 1794.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /><ref>Carter, p. 133.</ref> After observing Wayne's activities for two years, Little Turtle declared that Wayne was "the Chief that does not sleep" and advised fellow Indians to answer calls for peace, though British agents and Blue Jacket were opposed.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> On August 20, 1794, Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] near modern [[Maumee, Ohio]], which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, effectively ending the war. It was later discovered that a British company under Lieutenant Colonel [[William Caldwell (ranger)|William Caldwell]] had dressed as Native Americans and participated in the battle.{{sfn|Sword|2003|page=298}} Following the battle, Wayne used Fort Defiance as a [[base of operation]]s and under the direction of Washington's policies, destroyed their villages and food stocks.<ref name="POL" /> Like many wars throughout history, the U.S. military essentially used a common war tactic known as [[scorched earth]] tactics in the later part of the campaign, destroying fields and homes of Native Americans as winter approached.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zelnik |first=Eran |date=Spring 2021 |title=Self-Evident Walls: Reckoning with Recent Histories of Race and Nation |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–38|doi=10.1353/jer.2021.0000 |s2cid=234183824 }}</ref><ref name="Hixson-2013" /> Reporting on the progress, Wayne would write "their future prospects must naturally be gloomy & unpleasant".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bergmann |first=William H |date=Spring 2008 |title=A "Commercial View of This Unfortunate War": Economic Roots of an American National State in the Ohio Valley, 1775-1795 |journal=[[Early American Studies]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=137–164|doi=10.1353/eam.2008.0000 |s2cid=144686624 }}</ref>

The Native American troops attempted to find refuge at their British ally's fort, known as Fort Miami. The British realizing their ally lost the battle, locked the doors and prevented refuge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Gary Clayton |title=Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8061-4508-2 |page=105 |language=en |quote=General Wayne prepared his army for combat. Plain and simple, the young United States was going to war to "cleanse" Ohio of its Indians.}}</ref> Wayne then used Fort Deposit as a base of operations because of its proximity to Fort Miami and encamped for three days in sight of Fort Miami. Wayne attempted to provoke the fort's commander, Major [[William Campbell (British Army officer, died 1796)|William Campbell]], by destroying McKee's post as well as Native American crops and villages within sight of Fort Miami before withdrawing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defiance, Ohio - Ohio History Central|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Defiance,_Ohio|access-date=2021-05-03|website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref> When Campbell asked the meaning of the encampment, Wayne replied that the answer had already been given by the sound of their muskets. The next day, Wayne rode alone to Fort Miami and slowly conducted an inspection of the fort's exterior walls. The British garrison debated whether to engage Wayne, but in the absence of orders and with Britain already being at war with France, Campbell declined to fire the first shot at the United States.{{sfn|Hogeland|pp=350–351}} Neither Campbell nor Wayne was willing to be the one to start a second war, and the Legion finally departed for Fort Recovery.

Throughout the campaign, Wayne warned against future British attacks and planned for another large battle while the Legion was at full strength. When Wayne arrived at [[Kekionga]] unopposed on September 17, 1794, he razed the Miami capital and then selected it as the site for the new Fort Wayne.<ref name="Tucker-2013" />{{sfn|Poinsatte|pp=27–28}} Wayne wanted a strong fort, capable of withstanding a possible attack by British artillery from Fort Detroit. Fort Wayne was finished by October 17 and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannon. Although the British did not attack from the Northwest and Native Americans did not re-form into a large army, small bands continued to harass the Legion's perimeter, scouts, and supply trains.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=269-270}}
[[File:Anthony Wayne letter to Colonel Meigs, November 25, 1795 - DPLA - 88907ea28bdc0499ebd535cacc075faf (page 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Anthony Wayne letter to Colonel Meigs, November 25, 1795]]
Wayne then negotiated the [[Treaty of Greenville]] between the tribal confederacy — which had experienced a difficult winter – and the United States, which was signed on August 3, 1795. The U.S. stated the land was already ceded to the French or British in previous wars. At the meetings, Wayne promised the land of "[[Indiana Territory|Indiana]]", the remaining land to the west, to remain Indian forever.<ref name="Savage-2020a" /> Wayne also supplied food and farming supplies as a good faith gesture. Wayne read portions of the Paris Treaty, informing them that the British were encouraging them to fight for land and forts the British already ceded to the United States.

While crops were planted and farmed again, Wayne's promise of land and treaty were left vulnerable after his death. A Spanish spy Wilkinson would take command of his army. Citizens eventually continued to settle beyond the borders and the state of Ohio later entered into the Union in 1803. After Wayne's death, settlers continued moving past the borders and pushing the Native American people who lived there further westward.<ref name="Savage-2020a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shalev |first=Eran |date=Summer 2021 |title="This Natural Defect of Apprehension": Native Americans and the Politics of Time in the Young United States |journal=European Journal of American Studies |volume=16 |issue=2|doi=10.4000/ejas.16983 |s2cid=237798370 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Stockwell 2018 88–236"/>