Editing Anger (section)

==Cognitive effects==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2013}} <!--The whole introduction, from "Anger makes people think..." to "...optimistic risk assessments." needs to be sourced-->
Anger causes a reduction in cognitive ability and the accurate processing of external stimuli. Dangers seem smaller, actions seem less risky, ventures seem more likely to succeed, and unfortunate events seem less likely. Angry people are more likely to make risky decisions, and make less realistic risk assessments. In one study, test subjects primed to feel angry felt less likely to have heart disease, and more likely to receive a pay raise, compared to fearful people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jennifer S. Lerner |last2=Dacher Keltner |year=2001 |title=Fear, Anger, and Risk |url=http://sds.hss.cmu.edu/BDRauthors/fear.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=146–159 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146 |pmid=11474720 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516023611/http://sds.hss.cmu.edu/BDRauthors/fear.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-16}}</ref> This tendency can manifest in retrospective thinking as well: in a 2005 study, angry subjects said they thought the risks of terrorism in the year following [[9/11]] in retrospect were low, compared to what the fearful and neutral subjects thought.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fischhoff |first1=Baruch |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Roxana M. |last3=Lerner |first3=Jennifer S. |last4=Small |first4=Deborah A. |year=2005 |title=Evolving Judgments of Terror Risks: Foresight, Hindsight, and Emotion |url=http://content.ksg.harvard.edu/lernerlab/papers/files/Fischhoff_2005_JEP_Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=134–139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.320.7149 |doi=10.1037/1076-898x.11.2.124 |pmid=15998184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205555/http://content.ksg.harvard.edu/lernerlab/papers/files/Fischhoff_2005_JEP_Paper.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>

In inter-group relationships, anger makes people think in more negative and prejudiced terms about outsiders. Anger makes people less trusting, and slower to attribute good qualities to outsiders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=David DeSteno |last2=Nilanjana Dasgupta |last3=Monica Y. Bartlett |last4=Aida Cajdric |year=2004 |title=Prejudice From Thin Air: The Effect of Emotion on Automatic Intergroup Attitudes |url=http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/120104/Prejudicefromthinairtheeffe.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=319–324 |doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00676.x |pmid=15102141 |s2cid=666642 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723143149/http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/120104/Prejudicefromthinairtheeffe.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2010-07-01}}</ref>

When a group is in conflict with a rival group, it will feel more anger if it is the politically stronger group and less anger when it is the weaker.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Diane M. Mackie |last2=Thierry Devos |last3=Eliot R. Smith |year=2000 |title=Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context |url=http://www2.uni-jena.de/svw/igc/download/Mackie_Devos_Smith_JPSP_2000.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=602–616 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602 |pmid=11045741 |s2cid=15268023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928032753/http://www2.uni-jena.de/svw/igc/download/Mackie_Devos_Smith_JPSP_2000.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28}}</ref>

Unlike other negative emotions like sadness and fear, angry people are more likely to demonstrate [[correspondence bias]] – the tendency to blame a person's behavior more on their nature than on their circumstances. They tend to rely more on stereotypes, and pay less attention to details and more attention to the superficial. In this regard, anger is unlike other "negative" emotions such as sadness and fear, which promote analytical thinking.<ref>International Handbook of Anger. Chapter 17</ref>

An angry person tends to anticipate other events that might cause them anger. They will tend to rate anger-causing events (e.g. being sold a faulty car) as more likely than sad events (e.g. a good friend moving away).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=D. DeSteno |last2=R.E. Petty |last3=D.T. Wegener |last4=D.D. Rucker |s2cid=16076868 |year=2000 |title=Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=397–416 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.397 |pmid=10743870}}</ref>

A person who is angry tends to place more blame on another person for their misery. This can create a feedback, as this extra blame can make the angry person angrier still, so they in turn place yet more blame on the other person.

When people are in a certain emotional state, they tend to pay more attention to, or remember, things that are charged with the same emotion; so it is with anger. For instance, if a person is trying to persuade someone that a tax increase is necessary, if the person is currently feeling angry, they would do better to use an argument that elicits anger ("more criminals will escape justice") than, say, an argument that elicits sadness ("there will be fewer welfare benefits for disabled children").<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeSteno| first1=D. |last2=Petty |first2=R.E. |last3=Rucker |first3=D.D. |last4=Wegener |first4=D.T. |last5=Braverman |first5=J. |year=2004 |title=Discrete emotions and persuasion: The role of emotion-induced expectancies |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |citeseerx=10.1.1.138.452 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.43 |pmid=14717627}}</ref> Also, unlike other negative emotions, which focus attention on all negative events, anger only focuses attention on anger-causing events.

Anger can make a person more desiring of an object to which their anger is tied. In a 2010 Dutch study, test subjects were primed to feel anger or fear by being shown an image of an angry or fearful face, and then were shown an image of a random object. When subjects were made to feel angry, they expressed more desire to possess that object than subjects who had been primed to feel fear.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aarts |first1=Henk |last2=Ruys |first2=Kirsten I. |last3=Veling |first3=Harm |last4=Renes |first4=Robert A. |last5=De Groot |first5=Jasper H.B. |last6=Van Nunen |first6=Anna M. |last7=Geertjes |first7=Sarit |date=2010-11-01 |title=Anger makes people want things more |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101101151730.htm |journal=Psychological Science |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1406–1410 |doi=10.1177/0956797610384152 |pmid=20855898 |s2cid=30481336 |access-date=2013-01-03 |archive-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117035441/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101101151730.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>