Editing Andrew Jackson (section)

====Creek War====
{{Further|Creek War}}

Jackson had not fully recovered from his wounds when Governor [[Willie Blount]] called out the militia in September 1813 following the August [[Fort Mims Massacre]].{{sfn|Owsley|1981|pp=61–62}} The [[Red Sticks]], a [[Creek Confederacy]] faction that had allied with [[Tecumseh]], a [[Shawnee]] chief who was fighting with the British against the United States, killed about 250 militia men and civilians at Fort Mims in retaliation for an ambush by American militia at [[Battle of Burnt Corn|Burnt Corn Creek]].{{sfnm|Davis|2002|1pp=631–632|Owsley|1981|2pp=38–39}}

Jackson's objective was to destroy the Red Sticks.{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=40}} He headed south from [[Fayetteville, Tennessee|Fayetteville]], Tennessee, in October with 2,500 militia, establishing [[Fort Strother]] as his supply base.{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=192–193}} He sent his cavalry under General Coffee ahead of the main force, destroying Red Stick villages and capturing supplies.{{sfn|Brands|2005|p=197}}{{sfn|Owsley|1981|pp=63–64}} Coffee defeated a band of Red Sticks at the [[Battle of Tallushatchee]] on November 3, and Jackson defeated another band later that month at the [[Battle of Talladega]].{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=196–197}}

By January 1814, the expiration of enlistments and desertion had reduced Jackson's force by about 1,000 volunteers,{{sfn|Owsley|1981|pp=72–73}} but he continued the offensive.{{sfn|Kanon|1999|p=4}} The Red Sticks counterattacked at the [[Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek]]. Jackson repelled them but was forced to withdraw to Fort Strother.{{sfn|Owsley|1981|pp=75–76}} Jackson's army was reinforced by further recruitment and the addition of a regular army unit, the [[39th Infantry Regiment (War of 1812)|39th U.S. Infantry Regiment]]. The combined force of 3,000 men—including Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek allies—attacked a Red Stick fort at Horseshoe Bend on the [[Tallapoosa River]], which was manned by about 1,000 men.{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=79}} The Red Sticks were overwhelmed and massacred.{{sfn|Kanon|1999|p=4–10}} Almost all their warriors were killed, and nearly 300 women and children were taken prisoner and distributed to Jackson's Native American allies.{{sfn|Kanon|1999|p=4–10}} The victory broke the power of the Red Sticks.{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=81}} Jackson continued his [[scorched-earth]] campaign of burning villages, destroying supplies,{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=81}} and starving Red Stick women and children.{{sfn|Brands|2005|p=220}} The campaign ended when [[William Weatherford]], the Red Stick leader, surrendered,{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|pp=27}} although some Red Sticks fled to [[East Florida]].{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=87}}

On June 8, Jackson was appointed a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the United States Army, and 10 days later was made a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major general (United States)|major general]] with command of the Seventh Military District, which included Tennessee, Louisiana, the Mississippi Territory, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy.{{sfn|Remini|1977|p=222}} With President [[James Madison]]'s approval, Jackson imposed the [[Treaty of Fort Jackson]]. The treaty required all Creek, including those who had remained allies, to surrender {{convert|23,000,000|acres|ha|abbr=on}} of land to the United States.{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|p=26}}

Jackson then turned his attention to the British and Spanish. He moved his forces to [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], Alabama, in August, accused the Spanish governor of [[West Florida]], [[Mateo González Manrique]], of arming the Red Sticks, and threatened to attack. The governor responded by inviting the British to land at Pensacola to defend it, which violated Spanish neutrality.{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=236–237}} The British attempted to capture Mobile, but their four warships were repulsed at [[Fort Bowyer#First battle|Fort Bowyer]].{{sfn|Remini|1977|p=238}} Jackson then entered Florida, defeating the Spanish and British forces at the [[Battle of Pensacola (1814)|Battle of Pensacola]] on November 7.{{sfn|Owsley|1981|pp=116–117}} Afterwards, the Spanish surrendered, and the British withdrew. Weeks later, Jackson learned that the British were planning an attack on New Orleans, which was the gateway to the [[Lower Mississippi River]] and control of the American West.{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|p=28}} He evacuated Pensacola, strengthened the garrison at Mobile,{{sfn|Owsley|1981|p=118}} and led his troops to New Orleans.{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=244–245}}