Editing Amphetamine (section)

===Recreational===
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Amphetamine was found to be the 7th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Amphetamine (Drug).jpg|thumb|Illicitly produced amphetamine]]
[[File:Amphetamine_préparée.jpg|thumb|lined-up amphetamine]]

Amphetamine, specifically the more dopaminergic [[dextrorotatory]] enantiomer ([[dextroamphetamine]]), is also used recreationally as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac, and like other [[amphetamines]]; is used as a [[club drug]] for its energetic and euphoric high. Dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine) is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a [[recreational drug use|recreational manner]] since individuals typically report feeling [[euphoria|euphoric]], more alert, and more energetic after taking the drug.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs/commonly-abused-prescription-drugs-chart |title=Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs Chart |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/infofacts/stimulant-adhd-medications-methylphenidate-amphetamines |title=Stimulant ADHD Medications – Methylphenidate and Amphetamines |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502072325/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/infofacts/stimulant-adhd-medications-methylphenidate-amphetamines |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NIDA ADHD stimulants" /> A notable part of the 1960s [[mod subculture]] in the UK was recreational amphetamine use, which was used to fuel all-night dances at clubs like Manchester's [[Twisted Wheel Club|Twisted Wheel]]. Newspaper reports described dancers emerging from clubs at 5 a.m. with dilated pupils.<ref name="mixing the medicine">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson A |title=Mixing the Medicine: The Unintended Consequence of Amphetamine Control on the Northern Soul Scene |year=2008 |journal=The Internet Journal of Criminology |ssrn=1339332 |url=http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Wilson%20-%20Mixing%20the%20Medicine.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713045851/http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Wilson%20-%20Mixing%20the%20Medicine.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> Mods used the drug for [[stimulation]] and [[alertness]], which they viewed as different from the [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] caused by alcohol and other drugs.<ref name="mixing the medicine" /> Dr. Andrew Wilson argues that for a significant minority, "amphetamines symbolised the smart, on-the-ball, cool image" and that they sought "stimulation not intoxication [...] greater awareness, not escape" and "[[confidence]] and articulacy" rather than the "[[Alcohol intoxication|drunken]] rowdiness of previous generations."<ref name="mixing the medicine" /> Dextroamphetamine's [[dopaminergic]] (rewarding) properties affect the [[mesocorticolimbic circuit]]; a group of neural structures responsible for [[incentive salience]] (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), [[positive reinforcement]] and [[Valence (psychology)|positively-valenced]] emotions, particularly ones involving [[pleasure]].<ref name=Schultz>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schultz W | year = 2015 | title = Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 853–951 | pmid = 26109341 | pmc = 4491543 | doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 | quote = Rewards in operant conditioning are positive reinforcers.&nbsp;... Operant behavior gives a good definition for rewards. Anything that makes an individual come back for more is a positive reinforcer and therefore a reward. Although it provides a good definition, positive reinforcement is only one of several reward functions.&nbsp;... Rewards are attractive. They are motivating and make us exert an effort.&nbsp;... Rewards induce approach behavior, also called appetitive or preparatory behavior, sexual behavior, and consummatory behavior.&nbsp;... Thus any stimulus, object, event, activity, or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward.&nbsp;... Rewarding stimuli, objects, events, situations, and activities consist of several major components. First, rewards have basic sensory components (visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory)&nbsp;... Second, rewards are salient and thus elicit attention, which are manifested as orienting responses. The salience of rewards derives from three principal factors, namely, their physical intensity and impact (physical salience), their novelty and surprise (novelty/surprise salience), and their general motivational impact shared with punishers (motivational salience). A separate form not included in this scheme, incentive salience, primarily addresses dopamine function in addiction and refers only to approach behavior (as opposed to learning)&nbsp;... Third, rewards have a value component that determines the positively motivating effects of rewards and is not contained in, nor explained by, the sensory and attentional components. This component reflects behavioral preferences and thus is subjective and only partially determined by physical parameters. Only this component constitutes what we understand as a reward. It mediates the specific behavioral reinforcing, approach generating, and emotional effects of rewards that are crucial for the organism’s survival and reproduction, whereas all other components are only supportive of these functions.&nbsp;... Rewards can also be intrinsic to behavior. They contrast with extrinsic rewards that provide motivation for behavior and constitute the essence of operant behavior in laboratory tests. Intrinsic rewards are activities that are pleasurable on their own and are undertaken for their own sake, without being the means for getting extrinsic rewards.&nbsp;... Intrinsic rewards are genuine rewards in their own right, as they induce learning, approach, and pleasure, like perfectioning, playing, and enjoying the piano. Although they can serve to condition higher order rewards, they are not conditioned, higher order rewards, as attaining their reward properties does not require pairing with an unconditioned reward.&nbsp;... These emotions are also called liking (for pleasure) and wanting (for desire) in addiction research and strongly support the learning and approach generating functions of reward.}}</ref> Large recreational doses of dextroamphetamine may produce [[#Overdose|symptoms of dextroamphetamine overdose]].<ref name="NIDA ADHD stimulants" /> Recreational users sometimes open dexedrine capsules and crush the contents in order to insufflate (snort) it or subsequently dissolve it in water and inject it.<ref name="NIDA ADHD stimulants">{{cite web|title=National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2009. Stimulant ADHD Medications – Methylphenidate and Amphetamines|url=https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/misuse-prescription-drugs/overview|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> Immediate-release formulations have higher potential for abuse via insufflation (snorting) or intravenous injection due to a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile and easy crushability (especially tablets).<ref name="CADDRA_2018">{{cite book |title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines |date=2018 |publisher=Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance |page=67 |edition=Fourth |url=https://www.caddra.ca/wp-content/uploads/CADDRA-Guidelines-4th-Edition_-Feb2018.pdf |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502204112/https://www.caddra.ca/wp-content/uploads/CADDRA-Guidelines-4th-Edition_-Feb2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bright2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bright GM | title = Abuse of medications employed for the treatment of ADHD: results from a large-scale community survey | journal = Medscape Journal of Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 111 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18596945 | pmc = 2438483 }}</ref> Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels.<ref name="NIDA ADHD stimulants" /> Chronic overuse of dextroamphetamine can lead to severe [[drug dependence]], resulting in withdrawal symptoms when drug use stops.<ref name="NIDA ADHD stimulants" />