Editing Algiers (section)

==Geography==

===Location===
[[File:ISS064-E-411 - View of Earth.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite image]] of Algiers]]
Algiers is located in the north-central part of [[Algeria]], extending along the Bay of Algiers and into the [[Mitidja]] plain and on top of and around the "Sahel of Algiers" and the [[Bouzaréah]] [[massif]]. It sits at roughly 2 m above sea level, while the highest point is at 407 m.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raf |first1=Mohh |title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise" |url=https://iczmplatform.org/storage/documents/pdJcBI0dCxgQqipXlN27394uBogMcrQNG6J5h911.pdf |access-date=2 September 2024 |agency=REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement}}</ref> The [[Oued El Harrach]] meets the sea while crossing near [[El Harrach]], a neighbourhood of the city hence the name, while [[Mazafran River]] ends near the far western suburbs dividing [[Algiers Province]] and [[Tipaza Province]]; Both of these are called "Widan" which help in supplying agricultural needs in "Mitidja" which borders the [[Tell Atlas]] [[mountain range]] which could be spotted from the city.

===Districts of Algiers===
[[File:NOTRE DAME D'AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg|thumb|[[Notre Dame d'Afrique]], built by European settlers in 1872<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8766/ |title = Notre Dame d'Afrique and Carmelite Convent, Algiers, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 2013-09-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927125818/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8766/ |archive-date = 2013-09-27 |url-status = live }}</ref>]]
*'''[[Casbah of Algiers|The Casbah]]''' (of ''Al Qasbah'', "the Citadel"), 1st District of Algiers: called ''Al-Djazaïr Al Mahroussa'' ("Well Kept Algiers"), is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city of picturesque winding lanes built on a hill and descending towards the sea, divided into two sections: the High City and the Low City. It includes 17th-century buildings: [[Ketchaoua Mosque]] (rebuilt in the 18th century by the [[Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)|Dey Baba Hassan]]), [[Djamaa el Djedid|El Djedid Mosque]] (built in 1660, at the time of Turkish regency), [[Djamaa el Kebir|El Kebir Mosque]] (oldest of the mosques, built by [[Almoravid]] [[Youssef Ibn Tachfin]] and rebuilt in 1794), the [[Ali Bitchin Mosque]] (Raïs, 1623), and [[Dar Aziza]], formerly part of the Palace of Jénina.
* ''' [[Bab El Oued]]''': Literally ''the River's Gate'', the popular district which extends from the Casbah beyond "the gate of the river". It is the capital's darling and best liked borough. Famous for its square with "the three clocks" and for its "market Triplet", it is also a district of workshops and manufacturing plants.
* ''' [[Edge of sea]]''': from 1840, the architects Pierre-August Guiauchain and [[Charles Frédéric Chassériau]] designed new buildings apart from the Casbah, town hall, law courts, buildings, theatre, palace of the Governor, and casino, to form an elegant walk bordered by arcades which is today the boulevard [[Che Guevara]] (formerly the Boulevard of the [[Republic]]).
* ''' [[Kouba, Algeria|Kouba]]''' ([[will daira]] of [[Hussein-dey]]): Kouba is an old village which was absorbed by the expansion of the town of Algiers. Kouba quickly developed under the French colonial era then continued growing due to formidable demographic expansion that Algiers saw after the independence of Algeria in 1962. It is today a district of Algiers which is largely made up of houses, villas, and buildings not exceeding five stories.
* [[El Harrach]], a suburb of Algiers, is located about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} to the east of the city.
* The communes of [[Hydra, Algiers|Hydra]], [[Ben Aknoun]], [[El-Biar]] and [[Bouzaréah]] form what the inhabitants of Algiers call the "Heights of Algiers". These communes shelter the majority of the foreign embassies of Algiers, of many ministries and university centres, which makes it one of the administrative and policy centres of the country.
* The '''Didouche Mourad street''' is located in the 3rd district Of Algiers. It extends from the '''Grande Post office''' to the Heights of Algiers. It crosses in particular the '''place Audin''', '''the [[Algiers 1 University|Faculty of Algiers]]''', '''The Crowned Heart''' and '''the Freedom Park (formerly Galland)'''. It is bordered by smart stores and restaurants along most of its length. It is regarded as the heart of the capital.

===Climate===
Algiers has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa''). Its proximity to the Mediterranean aids in moderating the city's temperatures. As a result, Algiers usually does not see the extreme temperatures that are experienced in the adjacent interior. Algiers on average receives roughly {{convert|600|mm|in|0}} of rain per year, the bulk of which is seen between October and April. The precipitation is higher than in most of coastal Mediterranean Spain, and similar to most of coastal Mediterranean France, as opposed to the interior North African semi-arid or arid climate.

Snow is very rare; in 2012, the city received {{convert|100|mm|in|0}} of snowfall, its first snowfall in eight years.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Chill Moves West, 122 Die in Ukraine |first=Richard |last=Balmforth |date=4 February 2012 |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-weather-idUSTRE8130NK20120204 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914142912/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/04/us-europe-weather-idUSTRE8130NK20120204 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Algiers ([[Houari Boumediene Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1838–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 27.6
|Feb record high C = 31.4
|Mar record high C = 36.3
|Apr record high C = 36.5
|May record high C = 41.1
|Jun record high C = 44.6
|Jul record high C = 48.7
|Aug record high C = 47.5
|Sep record high C = 44.4
|Oct record high C = 39.5
|Nov record high C = 34.4
|Dec record high C = 30.4
|year record high C = 48.7
|Jan high C = 17.1
|Feb high C = 17.5
|Mar high C = 19.7
|Apr high C = 21.8
|May high C = 25.0
|Jun high C = 29.0
|Jul high C = 32.1
|Aug high C = 32.9
|Sep high C = 29.8
|Oct high C = 26.5
|Nov high C = 21.2
|Dec high C = 18.2
|year high C = 24.2
|Jan mean C = 11.3
|Feb mean C = 11.5
|Mar mean C = 13.6
|Apr mean C = 15.6
|May mean C = 18.8
|Jun mean C = 22.6
|Jul mean C = 25.7
|Aug mean C = 26.6
|Sep mean C = 23.9
|Oct mean C = 20.4
|Nov mean C = 15.7
|Dec mean C = 12.6
|year mean C = 18.2
|Jan low C = 5.5
|Feb low C = 5.6
|Mar low C = 7.5
|Apr low C = 9.4
|May low C = 12.6
|Jun low C = 16.2
|Jul low C = 19.4
|Aug low C = 20.4
|Sep low C = 17.9
|Oct low C = 14.3
|Nov low C = 10.1
|Dec low C = 7.0
|year low C = 12.2
|Jan record low C = -3.3
|Feb record low C = -1.9
|Mar record low C = -1.0
|Apr record low C = -0.8
|May record low C = 2.6
|Jun record low C = 5.5
|Jul record low C = 9.0
|Aug record low C = 9.5
|Sep record low C = 8.2
|Oct record low C = 4.1
|Nov record low C = -0.1
|Dec record low C = -2.3
|year record low C = -3.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 84.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 58.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 58.0
|May precipitation mm = 39.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 8.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 1.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 10.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 27.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 51.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 102.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 86.4
|year precipitation mm = 601
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.7
|Mar precipitation days = 7.0
|Apr precipitation days = 6.1
|May precipitation days = 4.3
|Jun precipitation days = 1.4
|Jul precipitation days = 0.4
|Aug precipitation days = 1.4
|Sep precipitation days = 4.0
|Oct precipitation days = 5.4
|Nov precipitation days = 9.2
|Dec precipitation days = 8.2
|year precipitation days = 64.5
|Jan humidity = 71
|Feb humidity = 66
|Mar humidity = 65
|Apr humidity = 62
|May humidity = 66
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 67
|Aug humidity = 65
|Sep humidity = 68
|Oct humidity = 66
|Nov humidity = 68
|Dec humidity = 68
|year humidity = 67
|Jan sun = 139.5
|Feb sun = 158.2
|Mar sun = 207.7
|Apr sun = 228.0
|May sun = 300.7
|Jun sun = 300.0
|Jul sun = 353.4
|Aug sun = 325.5
|Sep sun = 267.0
|Oct sun = 198.4
|Nov sun = 153.0
|Dec sun = 145.7
|year sun = 2777.1
|Jand sun = 4.5
|Febd sun = 5.6
|Mard sun = 6.7
|Aprd sun = 7.6
|Mayd sun = 9.7
|Jund sun = 10.0
|Juld sun = 11.4
|Augd sun = 10.5
|Sepd sun = 8.9
|Octd sun = 6.4
|Novd sun = 5.1
|Decd sun = 4.7
|yeard sun = 7.6
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215631/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/AlgerDarElBeida_60390.csv
| archive-date = 26 August 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/AlgerDarElBeida_60390.csv
| title = Alger Dar-el-Beida Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 26 August 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Arab Meteorology Book (humidity and sun),<ref name=climate>{{cite web
| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data
| publisher = Springer
| access-date = 16 October 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=15
| title = Station Alger
| publisher = Meteo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 16 October 2016
| archive-date = 2 February 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210202085212/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=15
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=January 2011}}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Algiers in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Perth]] in Australia. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|2.6|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|1.9|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would be {{convert|3.8|C-change|F-change}} higher.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-François |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches [[Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP)&nbsp;4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Algiers is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], Algiers, [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], [[Lomé]], [[Luanda]] and [[Maputo]]) which would be the most severely affected by the future [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of U$65&nbsp;billion under RCP&nbsp;4.5 and US$86.5&nbsp;billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP&nbsp;8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to $187 billion for the "moderate" RCP&nbsp;4.5, $206&nbsp;billion for RCP&nbsp;8.5 and $397&nbsp;billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref name="AR6Ch9"/> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Casbah is on a list of 10 African [[World Heritage Site]] most threatened by sea level rise.<ref name="AR6Ch9">Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206082533/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf |date=2022-12-06 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=2022-02-28 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref>