Editing Zoning (section)

=== Additional provisions ===
Additional zoning provisions exist that are not their own distinct types of zoning but seek to improve existing varieties through the incorporation of flexible practices and other elements such as [[Information and communications technology|information and communication technologies]] (ICTs).<ref name=":9">{{Citation |last1=Arif |first1=Hassan |title=Experiments with Smart Zoning for Smart Cities |date=2015 |work=Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies |pages=173–199 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137377203_12 |access-date=2021-12-05 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9781137377203_12 |isbn=978-1-137-37719-7 |last2=Cole |first2=Roland J. |last3=Cole |first3=Isabel A.}}</ref>

==== Smart zoning ====
{{See also|Smart growth|Smart city}}Smart zoning is a broad term that consists of several alternatives to use-based zoning that incorporate information and communication technologies.<ref name=":92">{{Citation |last1=Arif |first1=Hassan |title=Experiments with Smart Zoning for Smart Cities |date=2015 |work=Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies |pages=173–199 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137377203_12 |access-date=2021-12-05 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9781137377203_12 |isbn=978-1-137-37719-7 |last2=Cole |first2=Roland J. |last3=Cole |first3=Isabel A.}}</ref> There are a number of different techniques to accomplish smart zoning. Floating zones, cluster zoning, and planned unit developments (PUDs) are possible—even as the conventional use-based code exists{{r|Hirt 2014}}—or the conventional code may be completely replaced by a smart performance or form-based code, as the city of Miami did in 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Miami21: Your City, Your Plan |url=http://www.miami21.org/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.miami21.org}}</ref> The incorporation of ICTs to measure metrics such as [[walkability]], and the flexibility and adaptability that smart zoning can provide, have been cited as advantages of smart zoning over "non-smart" performance or form-based codes.<ref name=":92" />

==== Floating zones ====
Floating zones describe a zoning district's characteristics and codify requirements for its establishment, but its location remains unspecified until conditions exist to implement that type of zoning district.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Property Topics and Concepts |url=https://www.planning.org/divisions/planningandlaw/propertytopics.htm |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=American Planning Association}}</ref> When the criteria for implementation of a floating zone are met, the floating zone ceases "to float" and its location is established by a zoning amendment.<ref name=":7" /> 

==== Cluster zoning ====
Cluster zoning permits residential uses to be clustered more closely together than normally allowed, thereby leaving substantial land area to be devoted to open space.<ref name=":10" /> Cluster zoning has been favored for its preservation of open space and reduction in construction and utility costs via consolidation,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Cluster Subdivisions |url=https://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report135/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=American Planning Association}}</ref> although existing residents may often disapprove due to a reduction in lot sizes.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Residents object to cluster development plans |url=https://www.candgnews.com/news/residents-object-to-cluster-development-plans-109514 |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.candgnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Planned unit development (PUD) ====
{{Main|Planned unit development}}
The term planned unit development (PUD) can refer either to the regulatory process or to the development itself.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=FAQs • What is a Planned Unit Development (PUD)? |url=https://www.greenbaywi.gov/Faq.aspx?QID=188 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.greenbaywi.gov}}</ref> A PUD groups multiple compatible land uses within a single unified development.<ref name=":17" /> A PUD can be residential, mixed-use, or a larger master-planned community.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Planned Unit Developments: What Real Estate Agents Should Know |url=https://www.nar.realtor/residential-real-estate/planned-unit-developments |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.nar.realtor |language=en}}</ref> Rather than being governed by standard zoning ordinances, the developer negotiates terms with the local government.<ref name=":18" /> At best, a PUD provides flexibility to create convenient ways for residents to access commercial and other amenities.<ref name=":18" /> In the US, residents of a PUD have an ongoing role in management of the development through a [[Homeowner association|homeowner's association]].<ref name=":18" />

==== Pattern zoning ====
Pattern zoning is a zoning technique in which a municipality provides licensed, pre-approved building designs, typically with an expedited permitting process.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Steuteville |first=Robert |date=2020-05-12 |title='Pattern zone' enables quality infill development |url=https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2020/05/12/pattern-zone-enables-quality-infill-development |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=CNU |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Progress |first=Cydney Baron/Special to the |title=City forges ahead with zoning overhaul |url=https://www.claremoreprogress.com/news/city-forges-ahead-with-zoning-overhaul/article_ea42ffa8-1d57-11eb-b83e-bf1020a81e6f.html |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Claremore Daily Progress |date=3 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Third Place » Montgomery County Needs 'Cookie Cutter' Urban Design to 'bake' a Better Future {{!}} MontgomeryPlanning.org |url=https://montgomeryplanning.org/blog-design/2020/10/montgomery-county-needs-cookie-cutter-urban-design-to-bake-a-better-future/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=montgomeryplanning.org}}</ref> Pattern zoning is used to reduce barriers to housing development, create more affordable housing, reduce burdens on permit-review staff, and create quality housing designs within a certain neighborhood or jurisdiction.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSC - What's Not to Like? – Pre-Approved Plans Offer Faster Permitting, Cheaper Housing, Quality Design |url=https://mrsc.org/Home/Stay-Informed/MRSC-Insight/July-2014/What%E2%80%99s-Not-to-Like-%E2%80%93-Pre-Approved-Plans-Offer-Fast.aspx |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=mrsc.org}}</ref> Pattern zoning may also be used to promote certain building types such as [[missing middle housing]] and affordable small-scale commercial properties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petty |first=Matthew |date=2018-07-30 |title=Save the Suburbs with Pattern Zones |url=http://buildabetterburb.org/save-the-suburbs-with-pattern-zones/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Build a Better Burb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grabar |first=Henry |date=2021-04-12 |title="Good Design" Is Making Bad Cities |url=https://slate.com/business/2021/04/good-design-bad-cities-zoning-commissions-preservation-boards.html |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Metrotrends Demographic Review and Outlook |url=https://nebula.wsimg.com/0fa4fd0bda312c3d89f4553866d9a4cf?AccessKeyId=3FD24017074D10E681BB&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |website=Metroplan}}</ref> In some cases, a municipality purchases design patterns and constructs the properties themselves while in other cases the municipality offers the patterns for private development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattern Zoning in Midtown |url=https://www.bryantx.gov/midtownpatterns/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=City of Bryan, Texas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milwaukee's New Home Catalogue |url=https://city.milwaukee.gov/DCD/CityRealEstate/NewHomeCatalogue |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=city.milwaukee.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=George Myers Kokomo |title=Urban infill project targets Kokomo neighborhoods |url=https://www.kokomotribune.com/news/local_news/urban-infill-project-targets-kokomo-neighborhoods/article_a9e75f0c-baae-11e8-a896-fb406ecd6aeb.html |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Kokomo Tribune |date=18 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential Plans Library {{!}} Roanoke, VA |url=https://www.roanokeva.gov/1297/Residential-Plans-Library |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=www.roanokeva.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Bend's Infill Plans Include Pre-Approved Multi-Family Designs |url=https://www.planetizen.com/news/2022/08/118531-south-bends-infill-plans-include-pre-approved-multi-family-designs |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.planetizen.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hybrid zoning ====
A hybrid zoning code combines two or more approaches, often use-based and form-based zoning.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Strungys |first=Arista |date=May 2008 |title=The Five Steps to a Hybrid Code |url=https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/document/Zoning-Practice-2008-05.pdf |journal=Zoning Practice |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=2–7}}</ref> Hybrid zoning can be used to introduce form and design considerations into an existing community's zoning without completely rewriting the zoning ordinance.<ref name=":24" />

Composite zoning is a particular type of hybrid zoning that combines use, form, and site design components: 

* the use component establishes how land can be used within a district, as in use-based or functional zoning;
* the form (also known as architectural) component sets standards for building design, such as height and facades; 
* the site design component specifies how buildings are situated on the site, such as setbacks and open space.<ref name=":25">[https://salisbury.md/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Zoning-Best-Practices_Summary09182020.pdf Analysis of Zoning Code Best Practices: City of Salisbury, MD – Zoning Code Rewrite]. September, 2020. p. 5</ref>

An advantage of composite zoning is the ability to create flexible zoning districts for smoother transitions between adjacent properties with different uses.<ref name=":25" />

==== Inclusionary zoning ====
{{Main|Inclusionary zoning}}
Inclusionary zoning refers to policies to increase the number of housing units within a development that are affordable to low and middle-income households. These policies can be mandatory as part of performance zoning<ref name=":3" /> or based on voluntary incentives,<ref name=":1" /> such as allowing greater density of development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusionary Zoning and Mixed-Income Communities {{!}} HUD USER |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/spring13/highlight3.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.huduser.gov}}</ref>

==== Overlay zoning ====
An overlay zone is a zoning district that overlaps one or more zoning districts to address a particular concern or feature of that area, such as wetlands, historic buildings or [[transit-oriented development]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/bestpractice230.pdf |title=Model Transit-Oriented District Overlay Zoning Ordinance |author=Community Design + Architecture, Inc |date=June 29, 2001 |publisher= |page= |docket= |quote= |author-link= |access-date=March 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303173601/http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/bestpractice230.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2024}}</ref> Overlay zoning has the advantage of providing targeted regulation to address a specific issue, such as a natural hazard, without having to significantly rewrite an existing zoning ordinance.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Overlay Zoning {{!}} Planning For Hazards |url=https://planningforhazards.com/overlay-zoning |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=planningforhazards.com}}</ref> However, development of overlay zoning regulation often requires significant technical expertise.<ref name=":22" />

==== Transferable development rights ====
{{Main|Transferable development rights}}

Transferable development rights, also known as transfer of development credits and transferable development units,<ref>American Farmland Trust. April, 2008. "[http://www.farmland.org//programs/states/wa/documents/APPENDIXH-Transferofdevelopmentrights.pdf Transfer of Development Rights: Fact Sheet]." Washington, D.C. </ref> are based on the concept that with land ownership comes the right of use of land, or [[land development]]. These land-based development rights can, in some jurisdictions, be used, unused, sold, or otherwise transferred by the owner of a parcel.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Arthur C. |title=The TDR Handbook: Designing and Implementing Transfer of Development Rights Programs |last2=Pruetz |first2=Rick |last3=Woodruff |first3=Doug |publisher=Island Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781610911597 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> These are typically used to transfer development rights from rural areas (sending sites) to urban areas (receiving sites) with more demand and infrastructure to support development.<ref name=":23" />

==== Spot zoning ====
{{Main|Spot zoning}}

Spot zoning is a controversial practice in which a small part of a larger zoning district is rezoned in a way that is not consistent with the community's broader planning process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owens |first=David |date=2011-03-09 |title=Is This Spot Legal? |url=https://canons.sog.unc.edu/2011/03/is-this-spot-legal/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Coates’ Canons NC Local Government Law |language=en-US}}</ref> While a jurisdiction can rezone even a single parcel of land in some cases, spot zoning is often disallowed when the change would conflict with the policies and objectives of existing land-use plans.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Widner |first=Robert C. |date=Spring 2001 |title=Avoiding Spot Zoning |url=https://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2001/04/265.pdf |journal=Planning Commissioners Journal |volume=2001 |issue=2 |pages=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303180158/https://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2001/04/265.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2024}}</ref> Other factors that may be considered in these cases are the size of the parcel, the zoning categories involved, how adjacent properties are zoned and used, and expected benefits and harms to the landowner, neighbors, and community.<ref name=":28" />

==== Conditional zoning ====
Conditional zoning is a legislative process in which site-specific standards and conditions become part of the zoning ordinance at the request of the property owner.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Owens |first=David |date=2012-11-13 |title=A Conditional What? Clarifying Some Confusing Zoning Terminology |url=https://canons.sog.unc.edu/2012/11/a-conditional-what-clarifying-some-confusing-zoning-terminology/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Coates’ Canons NC Local Government Law |language=en-US}}</ref> The conditions may be more or less restrictive than the standard zoning.<ref name=":19" /> Conditional zoning can be considered [[spot zoning]] and can be challenged on those grounds.<ref name=":19" />

Conditional zoning should not be confused with conditional-use permits (also called [[Special-use permit|special-use permits]]), a quasi-judicial process that enables land uses that, because of their special nature, may be suitable only in certain locations, or when arranged or operated in a particular manner.<ref name=":20">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Zoning and Conditional Use Permits |url=https://www.ca-ilg.org/hn-online-guide/zoning-and-conditional-use-permits |publisher=Institute for Local Government}}</ref><ref name=":19" /> Uses which might be disallowed under current zoning, such as a school or a community center, can be permitted via conditional-use permits.<ref name=":20" />

==== Contract zoning ====
{{Main|Contract zoning}}Contract zoning is a controversial practice in which there is a bilateral agreement between a property owner and a local government to rezone a property in exchange for a commitment from the developer.<ref>Fraietta,  Philip, Contract & Conditional Zoning Without Romance: A Public Choice Analysis (March 1, 2013). Fordham Law Review, Vol. 81, No. 4, 2013,  Available at SSRN: <nowiki>https://ssrn.com/abstract=2207482</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2207482</nowiki> </ref> It typically involves loosening restrictions on how the property can be used.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Trager |first=David G. |date=1963 |title=Contract Zoning |url=http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol23/iss2/2 |journal=Maryland Law Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=121–155}}</ref> Contract zoning is controversial and sometimes prohibited because it deviates from the broader planning process and has been considered an illegal bargaining away of the government's police powers to enforce zoning.<ref name=":21" />

==== Fiscal zoning ====
Fiscal zoning is a controversial practice in which local governments use land use regulation, including zoning, to encourage land uses that generate high tax revenue and exclude uses that place a high demand on public services.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/local-taxation-land-use-regulation-and-land-use_52da7c6a-en |title=Local taxation, land use regulation, and land use: A survey of the evidence |last1=Blöchliger |first1=Hansjörg |last2=Hilber |first2=Christian |date=2017-03-07 |publisher=OECD |location=Paris |language=en |last3=Schöni |first3=Olivier |last4=Ehrlich |first4=Maximilian von}}</ref>