Editing Yiddish (section)

=== Dialectal variation ===
Stressed vowels in the [[Yiddish dialects]] may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by [[Max Weinreich]] in 1960 to indicate the descendent [[diaphoneme]]s of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels.<ref name=jacobs2005/>{{rp|28}}

Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern ''o<sub>11</sub>'' is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish */a/.<ref name=jacobs2005/>{{rp|28}} The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish ''quality'' (1-=*[a], 2-=*[e], 3-=*[i], 4-=*[o], 5-=*[u]), and the second refers to ''quantity or diphthongization'' (−1=short, −2=long, −3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, −4=diphthong, −5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25).<ref name=jacobs2005/>{{rp|28}}

Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in [[Middle High German]]; Katz (1987) argues that they should be collapsed with the −2 series, leaving only 13 in the −3 series.<ref name=katz1987/>{{rp|17}}
{|
|+'''Genetic sources of Yiddish dialect vowels'''<ref name=katz1987/>{{rp|25}}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Netherlandic
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i<sub>31</sub> iː<sub>32</sub>}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|u}}<sub>52</sub>
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|eː}}<sub>25</sub>
| align="center" |{{IPA|o<sub>51</sub> oː}}<sub>12</sub>
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɛ<sub>21</sub> ɛj}}<sub>22/34</sub>
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɔ<sub>41</sub> ɔu}}<sub>42/54</sub>
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|a<sub>11/13</sub> aː}}<sub>24/44</sub>
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Polish
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i<sub>31/51</sub> iː<sub>32/52</sub>}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|u}}<sub>12/13</sub>
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|eː~ej}}<sub>25</sub>
| align="center" |{{IPA|oː~ou<sub>54</sub>}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɛ<sub>21</sub>}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɔ<sub>41</sub> ɔj}}<sub>42/44</sub>
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|a<sub>11</sub> aː<sub>34</sub> aj<sub>22/24</sub>}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lithuanian
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i<sub>31/32</sub>}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|u}}<sub>51/52</sub>
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|ej}}<sub>22/24/42/44</sub>
| align="center" |
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɛ<sub>21/25</sub>}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɔ<sub>12/13/41</sub> ɔj<sub>54</sub>}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|a<sub>11</sub> aj}}<sub>34</sub>
|}
|}