Editing Yale University (section)

===20th century===
====Medicine====
[[File:Woolsey Hall Memorial Hall University Dining Hall Yale University.jpg|thumb|[[Woolsey Hall]] {{Circa|1905}}]]
Milton Winternitz led the [[Yale School of Medicine]] as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the psychiatry department and built new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, lasted only a few years before resentful antisemitic colleagues drove him to resign.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spiro |first1=Howard M. |last2=Norton |first2=Priscilla Waters |date=2003 |title=Dean Milton C. Winternitz at Yale |journal=[[Perspectives in Biology and Medicine]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=403–412 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2003.0046 |pmid=12878810 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44820/pdf |url-access=subscription |via=Project MUSE |s2cid=19222204}}</ref>

====Faculty====
[[File:Rummell, Richard Yale University cropped.jpg|thumb|Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor of the Yale campus facing north]]
Before [[World War II]], most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. By 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of those groups held faculty positions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=William |date=August 6, 2007 |title=On or About 1950 or 1955 History Departments Changed: A Step in the Creation of the Modern History Department |journal=Journal of the Historical Society |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=385–405 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5923.2007.00222.x}}</ref> Almost all members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences—and some members of other faculties—teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lu |first1=Carmen |last2=Seager |first2=Ilana |date=October 15, 2009 |title=Undergraduate Teaching Requirement A Myth |newspaper=Yale Daily News |publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2009/10/15/undergraduate-teaching-requirement-a-myth/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151851/http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2009/10/15/undergraduate-teaching-requirement-a-myth/ |archive-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref>

====Women====
In 1793, [[Lucinda Foote]] passed the entrance exams for Yale College, but was rejected by the president on the basis of her gender.<ref name="bookof">{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lynne |title=The Book of Women: 300 Notable Women History Passed By |last2=McCann |first2=Kelly |publisher=Adams Media |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55850-516-2 |location=[[Holbrook, Massachusetts|Holbrook]] |page=103}}</ref> Women studied at Yale from 1892, in graduate-level programs at the [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiff |first=Judith |date=February 24, 2005 |title=A Brief History of Yale :: Resources on Yale History |url=http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/brief_history.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719162857/http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/brief_history.html|archive-date=July 19, 2012|access-date=February 24, 2021|website=library.yale.edu|publisher=Yale University Library}}</ref> The first seven women to earn PhDs received their degrees in 1894: [[Elizabeth Deering Hanscom]], Cornelia H. B. Rogers, Sara Bulkley Rogers, [[Margaretta Palmer]], [[Mary Augusta Scott]], Laura Johnson Wylie, and [[Charlotte Fitch Roberts]]. There is a portrait of them in [[Sterling Memorial Library]], painted by [[Brenda Zlamany]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castellanos-Monfil |first=Román |date=April 6, 2016 |title=Portrait of Yale's first seven women Ph.D.s unveiled |url=https://news.yale.edu/2016/04/06/portrait-yale-s-first-seven-women-phd-s-unveiled |access-date=September 19, 2022 |website=YaleNews |language=en}}</ref>

In 1966, Yale began discussions with its [[sister school]] [[Vassar College]] about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]]—elite higher education schools that served as sister institutions to the [[Ivy League]] when nearly all Ivy League institutions still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005|title=A History of the Curriculum 1865-1970s|url=http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/A_History_of_the_Curriculum_1865-1970s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231193116/http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/A_History_of_the_Curriculum_1865-1970s|archive-date=December 31, 2008|access-date=December 4, 2011|website=Vassar Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Vassar College]]}}</ref> Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 23, 2001|title=Transformations brought about by Yale women |volume=29 |work=Yale Bulletin & Calendar |publisher=Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communications |issue=23 |url=https://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v29.n23/story4.html|access-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418113034/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v29.n23/story4.html|archive-date=April 18, 2009}}</ref> she was the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, [[St. Anthony Hall]]. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first to have women starting from freshman year;<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2009|title=On the advisability and feasibility of women at Yale |url=https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2583-on-the-advisability-and-feasibility-of-women-at-yale|magazine=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |publisher=Yale Alumni Publications|volume=LXXIII|issue=1|access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women at Yale: A Tour |url=http://visitorcenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Women_at_Yale_Tour.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051329/http://visitorcenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Women_at_Yale_Tour.pdf|archive-date=January 18, 2017|access-date=February 24, 2021|website=visitorcenter.yale.edu|publisher=Yale University}}</ref>

A decade into co-education, student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit ''[[Alexander v. Yale]]''. In the 1970s, a group of students and a faculty member sued Yale for its failure to curtail sexual harassment, especially by male faculty. The case was partly built from a 1977 report authored by plaintiff [[Ann Olivarius]], "A report to the Yale Corporation from the Yale Undergraduate Women's Caucus".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://wff.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/1977_Report_to_the_Yale_Corporation.pdf|title=A Report to the Yale Corporation from the Yale Undergraduate Women's Caucus|date=March 1977|access-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217235127/http://wff.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/1977_Report_to_the_Yale_Corporation.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2015}}</ref> This case was the first to use [[Title IX]] to argue and establish that sexual harassment of female students can be considered illegal sex discrimination. The plaintiffs were Olivarius, Ronni Alexander, Margery Reifler, Pamela Price,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200527210701/https://www.pypesq.com/attorney/ Pamela Price]</ref> and Lisa E. Stone. They were joined by Yale classics professor John "Jack" J. Winkler. The lawsuit, brought partly by [[Catharine A. MacKinnon|Catharine MacKinnon]], alleged rape, fondling, and offers of higher grades for sex by faculty, including [[Keith Brion]], professor of flute and director of bands, political science professor Raymond Duvall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/rduvall|title=Faculty & Staff Directory &#124; College of Liberal Arts &#124; University of Minnesota|date=July 19, 2020|access-date=July 23, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719013517/https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/rduvall|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> English professor [[Michael George Cooke|Michael Cooke]], and coach of the field hockey team, Richard Kentwell. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and Women's Center.<ref>{{cite web|last=Allan|first=Nicole|title=To Break the Silence|url=http://www.mcolaw.com/docs/ao_tobreakthesilence_speech.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063453/http://www.mcolaw.com/docs/ao_tobreakthesilence_speech.pdf|archive-date=July 14, 2011|access-date=December 4, 2011|website=mcolaw.com|publisher=McAllister Olivarius Law}}</ref> In 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine ''[[Broad Recognition]]'', alleging the university had a hostile sexual climate.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Huffington|first=Christina|date=March 31, 2011|title=BREAKING NEWS: Yale Students File Title IX Suit Against University|work=[[The Yale Herald]]|url=http://yaleherald.com/topstory/breaking-news-yale-students-file-title-ix-suit-against-school/|url-status=dead|access-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403015738/http://yaleherald.com/topstory/breaking-news-yale-students-file-title-ix-suit-against-school/ |archive-date=April 3, 2011}}</ref> In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 7, 2011|title=Yale Forms Committee To Address Sexual Misconduct|work=[[HuffPost]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/07/yale-sexual-misconduct_n_846078.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605212844/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/07/yale-sexual-misconduct_n_846078.html|archive-date=June 5, 2014}}</ref> Afterwards, universities and colleges throughout the U.S. also established sexual harassment grievance procedures.

====Class====
Yale instituted policies in the early 20th century designed to maintain the proportion of [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants#Education|white Protestants]] from notable families in the student body (see ''[[numerus clausus]]'') and eliminated such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kabaservice|first=Geoffrey|date=December 1999|title=The Birth of a New Institution |url=http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html|magazine=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314164351/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html|archive-date=March 14, 2010 |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref>