Editing Wrocław (section)

== Geography ==
Wrocław is located in the three [[Mesoregion (geomorphology)|mesoregion]]s of the [[Silesian Lowlands]] ([[Wrocław Plain]], [[Wrocław Valley]], Oleśnica Plain) at an elevation of around 105–156 metres (Gajowe Hill and Maślickie Hill) above sea level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Śļaskie sprawozdania archeologiczne |date=2003 |publisher=Katedra Archeologii Polski Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |location=Poland |language=pl |issue=45}}</ref> The city lies on the [[Oder]] River and its four tributaries, which supply it within the city limits – [[Bystrzyca (Odra)|Bystrzyca]], [[Oława (river)|Oława]], [[Ślęza]] and [[Widawa]].<ref>{{cite book |date=6 December 2012 |title=Flood Issues in Contemporary Water Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQyGBwAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer Netherlands |page=324 |isbn=9789401141406 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512054944/https://books.google.com/books?id=OQyGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the Dobra River and many streams flow through the city. The city has a [[sewage treatment]] plant on the Janówek estate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpwik.wroc.pl/o-nas/kanalizacja/ |title=Sieć kanalizacyjna |website=MPWiK Wrocław |publisher=Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji SA we Wrocławiu |language=pl |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025440/https://www.mpwik.wroc.pl/o-nas/kanalizacja/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
[[File:PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg|thumb|right|John of Nepomuk Church in [[Szczytnicki Park]], 16th-century]]
There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares. The most notable are ''[[Szczytnicki Park]]'', ''Park Południowy'' (South Park) and ''[[Wladyslaw Anders|Anders]] Park''. In addition, Wrocław University runs an historical [[University of Wrocław Botanical Garden|Botanical garden]] (founded in 1811), with a salient Alpine garden, a lake and a valley.<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Robin Lane Fox]]|title=An Alpine garden in Poland with a heavenly Devil's Lapfoot|date= 4 October 2013|journal= Financial Times, Opinion Homes and Gardens|url=https://www.ft.com/content/241840ec-25ff-11e3-8ef6-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/241840ec-25ff-11e3-8ef6-00144feab7de |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date= 5 October 2013}}</ref>

In Wrocław, the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered, of which over 100 have nesting places there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetawroclawska.pl/we-wroclawiu-juz-ponad-200-gatunkow-ptakow-przybywa-tych-cieplolubnych-znacie-je-wszystkie/ar/c1-14942054|title=We Wrocławiu już ponad 200 gatunków ptaków. Przybywa tych ciepłolubnych. Znacie je wszystkie?|first=Celina|last=Marchewka|date=28 April 2020|website=Gazeta Wrocławska|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111625/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/we-wroclawiu-juz-ponad-200-gatunkow-ptakow-przybywa-tych-cieplolubnych-znacie-je-wszystkie/ar/c1-14942054|url-status=live}}</ref> As in other large Polish cities, the most numerous are [[Rock dove|pigeons]]. Other common species are the [[House sparrow|sparrow]], [[Eurasian tree sparrow|tree sparrow]], [[Eurasian siskin|siskin]], [[Rook (bird)|rook]], [[Hooded crow|crow]], [[Western jackdaw|jackdaw]], [[Eurasian magpie|magpie]], [[Common swift|swift]], [[Common house martin|martin]], [[Barn swallow|swallow]], [[Common kestrel|kestrel]], [[mute swan]], [[mallard]], [[Eurasian coot|coot]], [[Common merganser|merganser]], [[black-headed gull]], [[great tit]], [[Eurasian blue tit|blue tit]], [[long-tailed tit]], [[European greenfinch|greenfinch]], [[hawfinch]], [[Eurasian collared dove|collared dove]], [[common wood pigeon]], [[fieldfare]], [[redwing]], [[common starling]], [[grey heron]], [[white stork]], [[common chaffinch]], [[Common blackbird|blackbird]], [[Eurasian jay|jay]], [[Eurasian nuthatch|nuthatch]], [[Eurasian bullfinch|bullfinch]], [[Common cuckoo|cuckoo]], [[Bohemian waxwing|waxwing]], [[lesser spotted woodpecker]], [[great spotted woodpecker]], [[white-backed woodpecker]], [[white wagtail]], [[Eurasian blackcap|blackcap]], [[black redstart]], [[old world flycatcher]], [[emberizidae]], [[European goldfinch|goldfinch]], [[western marsh harrier]], [[little bittern]], [[common moorhen]], [[Common reed bunting|reed bunting]], [[remiz]], [[great reed warbler]], [[little crake]], [[little ringed plover]] and [[white-tailed eagle]].<ref name="FaunaFloraWroclawiu">{{cite web|url=https://www.wroclaw.pl/srodowisko/fauna-i-flora-we-wroclawiu|title=Fauna i flora we Wroclawiu – Środowisko Wrocław|website=www.wroclaw.pl|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823230422/http://www.wroclaw.pl/srodowisko/fauna-i-flora-we-wroclawiu|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Jesienny Park Poludniowy.jpg|thumb|left|Wrocław South Park – ''Park Południowy'']]

In addition, the city is periodically plagued by the [[brown rat]], especially in the Market Square and in the vicinity of [[Eatery|eateries]]. Otherwise, due to the proximity of wooded areas, there are [[Erinaceidae|hedgehogs]], [[Red fox|foxes]], [[wild boar]], [[bat]]s, [[Beech marten|martens]], [[Red squirrel|squirrels]], [[roe deer]], [[Leporidae|hares]], [[Eurasian beaver|beavers]], [[European polecat|polecats]], [[Eurasian otter|otters]], [[European badger|badgers]], [[Least weasel|weasels]], [[stoat]]s and [[raccoon dog]]s. There are also occasional sightings of escaped [[muskrat]], [[american mink]] and [[raccoon]].<ref name="FaunaFloraWroclawiu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wroclaw.pl/wroclaw-dzikie-zwierzeta-w-miescie|title=Wrocław-dzikie zwierzęta w naszym mieście|first=Beata|last=Jackowska|website=www.wroclaw.pl|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205632/https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/wroclaw-dzikie-zwierzeta-w-miescie|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Wrocław has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''), bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'') using the 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) isotherm. The position of Wrocław in the [[Silesian Lowlands]], which are themselves located just north of the [[Sudetes]] and to the southwest of the [[Trzebnickie Hills]], creates a favourable environment for accumulation of heat in the [[Oder]] river valley between Wrocław and [[Opole]].<ref name="Eko Org Klimat">{{cite web|last1=Dubicki|first1=Alfred|last2=Dubicka|first2=Maria|last3=Szymanowski|first3=Mariusz|date=2002|title=Klimat Wrocławia|url=http://eko.org.pl/wroclaw/srodowisko/klimat.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=eko.org.pl|publisher=Fundacja EkoRozwoju|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117155753/http://eko.org.pl/wroclaw/srodowisko/klimat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wrocław is therefore the warmest [[List of cities in Poland|city in Poland]], among those tracked by the [[:pl:Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej|Institute of Meteorology and Water Management]] (IMGW), with a mean annual temperature of {{convert|9.7|C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Normals" />

The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters, but with the skies frequently overcast; summers are warm and generally sunny, however, that is the period when most precipitation occurs, which often falls during thunderstorms. The city also sometimes experiences [[Foehn wind|foehn]]-like conditions, particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south-west.<ref name="Eko Org Klimat"/> In addition to that, the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gawuć|first=Lech|date=2014|title=Dobowa zmienność Powierzchniowej Miejskiej Wyspy Ciepła wybranych miast w Polsce podczas fali upałów w sierpniu 2013 na podstawie danych satelitarnych|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290433718|journal=Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej}}</ref><ref name="Eko Org Klimat"/> Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter; the snow cover of at least {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} stays on the ground for an average of 27.5 days per year – one of the lowest in Poland.<ref name="Normals" /> The highest temperature in Wrocław recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 ({{convert|37.9|C|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="Normals" /> though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the [[University of Wrocław]] indicated {{convert|38.9|C|0|abbr=on}} on that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetawroclawska.pl/artykul/5200560,we-wroclawiu-padl-rekord-ciepla-389-stopnia-celsjusza,id,t.html|title=We Wrocławiu padł rekord ciepła: 38,9 stopni Celsjusza|website=Gazetawroclawska.pl|date=7 August 2015|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040450/http://www.gazetawroclawska.pl/artykul/5200560,we-wroclawiu-padl-rekord-ciepla-389-stopnia-celsjusza,id,t.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 ({{convert|-32|C|0|abbr=on}}).

{{Weather box
| location = Wrocław ([[Wrocław Airport]]), elevation: 120 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 18.0
| Feb record high C = 20.6
| Mar record high C = 25.2
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 32.4
| Jun record high C = 36.9
| Jul record high C = 37.4
| Aug record high C = 38.9
| Sep record high C = 35.3
| Oct record high C = 28.1
| Nov record high C = 20.9
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| year record high C = 38.9
| Jan high C = 3.0
| Feb high C = 4.7
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 15.3
| May high C = 20.0
| Jun high C = 23.4
| Jul high C = 25.6
| Aug high C = 25.4
| Sep high C = 20.0
| Oct high C = 14.3
| Nov high C = 8.3
| Dec high C = 4.1
| year high C = 14.4
| Jan mean C = 0.0
| Feb mean C = 1.1
| Mar mean C = 4.3
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 14.3
| Jun mean C = 17.7
| Jul mean C = 19.7
| Aug mean C = 19.3
| Sep mean C = 14.5
| Oct mean C = 9.6
| Nov mean C = 4.8
| Dec mean C = 1.1
| year mean C = 9.7
| Jan low C = -3.3
| Feb low C = -2.5
| Mar low C = 0.0
| Apr low C = 3.8
| May low C = 8.3
| Jun low C = 12.0
| Jul low C = 13.9
| Aug low C = 13.4
| Sep low C = 9.4
| Oct low C = 5.2
| Nov low C = 1.3
| Dec low C = -2.1
| year low C = 5.0
| Jan record low C = -30.0
| Feb record low C = -32.0
| Mar record low C = -23.8
| Apr record low C = -8.1
| May record low C = -4.0
| Jun record low C = 0.2
| Jul record low C = 3.6
| Aug record low C = 2.1
| Sep record low C = -3.0
| Oct record low C = -9.3
| Nov record low C = -18.2
| Dec record low C = -24.4
| year record low C = -32.0
| Jan avg record high C = 10.8
| Feb avg record high C = 12.7
| Mar avg record high C = 18.2
| Apr avg record high C = 24.3
| May avg record high C = 27.8
| Jun avg record high C = 31.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.8
| Aug avg record high C = 32.5
| Sep avg record high C = 27.6
| Oct avg record high C = 22.8
| Nov avg record high C = 16.2
| Dec avg record high C = 11.4
| year avg record high C = 34.3
| Jan avg record low C = -14.6
| Feb avg record low C = -11.4
| Mar avg record low C = -7.3
| Apr avg record low C = -3.5
| May avg record low C = 1.9
| Jun avg record low C = 6.0
| Jul avg record low C = 8.7
| Aug avg record low C = 7.0
| Sep avg record low C = 2.4
| Oct avg record low C = -2.8
| Nov avg record low C = -6.4
| Dec avg record low C = -11.5
| year avg record low C = -16.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 28.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 25.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 35.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 31.2
| May precipitation mm = 59.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 65.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 91.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 59.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 48.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 37.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 31.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 27.9
| year precipitation mm = 541.1
| Jan snow depth cm = 4.6
| Feb snow depth cm = 4.5
| Mar snow depth cm = 2.7
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.4
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.2
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.5
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.0
| year snow depth cm = 
| Jan humidity = 83.7
| Feb humidity = 80.1
| Mar humidity = 75.3
| Apr humidity = 68.0
| May humidity = 69.8
| Jun humidity = 69.8
| Jul humidity = 69.9
| Aug humidity = 70.5
| Sep humidity = 76.8
| Oct humidity = 81.6
| Nov humidity = 85.5
| Dec humidity = 84.9
| year humidity = 76.3
| Jan precipitation days = 15.50
| Feb precipitation days = 12.99
| Mar precipitation days = 13.50
| Apr precipitation days = 10.90
| May precipitation days = 13.03
| Jun precipitation days = 12.97
| Jul precipitation days = 14.00
| Aug precipitation days = 11.80
| Sep precipitation days = 11.30
| Oct precipitation days = 12.27
| Nov precipitation days = 13.17
| Dec precipitation days = 14.77
| year precipitation days = 156.19
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| unit snow days = 0.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 12.4
| Feb snow days = 9.1
| Mar snow days = 4.0
| Apr snow days = 0.5
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 2.4
| Dec snow days = 6.4
| year snow days = 34.9
| Jan sun = 58.8
| Feb sun = 82.2
| Mar sun = 129.2
| Apr sun = 202.6
| May sun = 245.5
| Jun sun = 247.6
| Jul sun = 257.4
| Aug sun = 250.8
| Sep sun = 170.1
| Oct sun = 118.5
| Nov sun = 66.9
| Dec sun = 52.8
| year sun = 1882.5
| source 1 = IMGW (normals, except humidity)<ref name="Normals">{{cite web|title=Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 – Portal Klimat IMGW-PiB|url=https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/PPP_S|access-date=20 January 2022|website=klimat.imgw.pl|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118193022/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/PPP_S|url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (humidity and extremes)<ref name=recordhigh>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Wrocław Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050200/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Wrocław Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050145/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Wrocław Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050217/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=rh&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box
| width = 100%
| collapsed = y
| open = 
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = Wrocław ([[Wrocław Airport]]), elevation: 120 m, 1961–1990 normals
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C =-1.8
| Feb mean C =-0.5
| Mar mean C =3.2
| Apr mean C =8.0
| May mean C =13.1
| Jun mean C =16.5
| Jul mean C =17.7
| Aug mean C =17.2
| Sep mean C =13.4
| Oct mean C =8.9
| Nov mean C =3.9
| Dec mean C =0.2
| Jan high C =1.3
| Feb high C =3.2
| Mar high C =7.9
| Apr high C =13.6
| May high C =18.8
| Jun high C =22.0
| Jul high C =23.4
| Aug high C =23.2
| Sep high C =19.3
| Oct high C =14.1
| Nov high C =7.4
| Dec high C =3.0
| Jan low C =-5.3
| Feb low C =-4.0
| Mar low C =-0.9
| Apr low C =2.8
| May low C =7.1
| Jun low C =10.7
| Jul low C =12.0
| Aug low C =11.6
| Sep low C =8.7
| Oct low C =4.6
| Nov low C =0.6
| Dec low C =-3.1 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =28
| Feb precipitation mm =26
| Mar precipitation mm =26
| Apr precipitation mm =39
| May precipitation mm =64
| Jun precipitation mm =80
| Jul precipitation mm =84
| Aug precipitation mm =78
| Sep precipitation mm =48
| Oct precipitation mm =40
| Nov precipitation mm =43
| Dec precipitation mm =34
| Jan sun =49.0
| Feb sun =65.0
| Mar sun =107.0
| Apr sun =142.0
| May sun =198.0
| Jun sun =194.0
| Jul sun =205.0
| Aug sun =197.0
| Sep sun =139.0
| Oct sun =108.0
| Nov sun =52.0
| Dec sun =39.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =7.3
| Feb precipitation days =6.6
| Mar precipitation days =7.2
| Apr precipitation days =7.7
| May precipitation days =9.6
| Jun precipitation days =10.0
| Jul precipitation days =9.7
| Aug precipitation days =8.4
| Sep precipitation days =7.9
| Oct precipitation days =7.1
| Nov precipitation days =9.2
| Dec precipitation days =8.6
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12424.TXT
| title = Wroclaw (12424) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 31 December 2018
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| archive-date = 28 September 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205655/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12424.TXT
| url-status = live
}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAWroclaw Archived] 27 December 2018, at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref>
}}