Editing Wolverine (section)

===Interspecies interactions===
[[Wolves]], [[American black bear]]s, [[brown bear]]s and [[cougar]]s are capable of killing adult wolverines, while smaller predators (like [[golden eagle]]s) can kill young and inexperienced individuals.<ref>Hornocker, M.G., Messick, J.P. & Melquist, W.E. 1981. "The wolverine in northwestern Montana". ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 59: 1286–1301.</ref> Wolves are thought to be the wolverine's most important natural predator, with the arrival of wolves to a wolverine's territory presumably leading the latter to abandon the area.<ref name=Smith>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf |title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists |publisher=smith.edu |access-date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Armed with powerful jaws, sharp claws, and a thick hide,<ref name="biomes">{{cite web |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/wolverine.htm |title=World Biomes: Wolverine |publisher=Blueplanetbiomes.org |access-date=4 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923075158/http://blueplanetbiomes.org/wolverine.htm |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> wolverines, like most [[mustelid]]s, are remarkably strong for their size. They may defend against larger or more numerous [[predator]]s such as wolves or bears.<ref name=Wolverine>{{cite web|title=Wolverine – Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks|url=http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/portraits/wolverine.htm|publisher=Montana Outdoors|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928223026/http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/portraits/wolverine.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> By far, their most serious predator is the [[grey wolf]], with an extensive record of wolverine fatalities attributed to wolves in both North America and Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burkholder | first1 = B. L. | year = 1962 | title = Observations concerning wolverine | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 43 | issue = 2| pages = 263–264 | doi=10.2307/1377101| jstor = 1377101 }}</ref><ref>Boles, B. K. (1977). ''Predation by wolves on wolverines''. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 91(1), 68–69.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Palomares | first1 = F. | author-link2 = Tim Caro | last2 = Caro | first2 = T. M. | year = 1999 | title = Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores | url = https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/51387/1/Palomares%20%26%20Caro_1999_Am%20Nat.pdf| journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 153 | issue = 5| pages = 492–508 | doi=10.1086/303189| hdl = 10261/51387 | pmid=29578790| bibcode = 1999ANat..153..492P | s2cid = 4343007 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>White, K. S., Golden, H. N., Hundertmark, K. J., & Lee, G. R. (2002). ''Predation by Wolves, Canis lupus, on Wolverines, Gulo gulo, and an American Marten, Martes americana, in Alaska''. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 116(1), 132–134.</ref> In North America, another predator (less frequent) is the [[cougar]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dqg2AQAAMAAJ&q=mountain+lion+kill+wolverine&pg=SL14-PA36 |title = White River National Forest (N.F.), Land and Resource Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement|page=36|year = 2002}}</ref> At least one account reported a wolverine's apparent attempt to steal a kill from a [[American Black Bear|black bear]], although the bear won what was ultimately a fatal contest for the wolverine.<ref name="WNS">{{cite press release | title = When Predators Attack (Each Other): Researchers Document First-known Killing of a Wolverine by a Black Bear in Yellowstone | publisher = Science Daily | date = 6 May 2003 | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030506073236.htm | access-date = 16 January 2007 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220034045/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030506073236.htm | archive-date = 20 February 2007}}</ref> There are a few accounts of [[brown bear]]s killing and consuming wolverines as well and, although also reported at times to be chased off prey, in some areas such as [[Denali National Park]], wolverines seemed to try to actively avoid encounters with grizzly bears as they have been reported in areas where wolves start hunting them.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0493:SOSRAC]2.0.CO;2|title=Synthesis of Survival Rates and Causes of Mortality in North American Wolverines|journal=Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=68|issue=3|pages=493–502|jstor=3803381|year=2004|last1=Krebs|first1=John|last2=Lofroth|first2=Eric|last3=Copeland|first3=Jeffrey|last4=Banci|first4=Vivian|last5=Cooley|first5=Dorothy|last6=Golden|first6=Howard|last7=Magoun|first7=Audrey|last8=Mulders|first8=Robert|last9=Shults|first9=Brad|s2cid=85682054 }}</ref><ref name= Murie>Murie, A. (2012). ''The grizzlies of Mount McKinley''. University of Washington Press.</ref>