Editing Wilhelm Ostwald (section)

===Color science===
Following his 1906 retirement from academia, Ostwald became interested in the systematization of [[color]]s, which could be useful both scientifically and in the arts. He published ''The Color Primer'' and also ''The Color Atlas'' during the period of 1916–8. These publications established relationships between the various visual colors.<ref name="Ostwald Park" /> 
<gallery>
File:Die farbenfibel by Wilhelm Ostwald 1921 page 33.tif | ''The Color Primer'', <br/>page 33
File:Die farbenfibel by Wilhelm Ostwald 1921 page 44.tif | ''The Color Primer'', <br/>page 44
File:Die farbenfibel by Wilhelm Ostwald 1921 page 50.tif | ''The Color Primer'', <br/>page 50
File:Die farbenfibel by Wilhelm Ostwald 1921 page 56.tif | ''The Color Primer'', <br/>page 56
</gallery>

Ostwald represented these as a three dimensional representation of [[Ostwald color system|color space]] that is a [[Topological space|topological solid]] consisting of two cones.  One apex of the cone is pure white while the other is pure black. The eight primary colors are represented along the circumference or curved surfaces of the two cones. In this representation, each color is a mixture of white, black, and the eight primary colors. In this way, there are three [[degrees of freedom]] that represent each color.<ref name="Color science"/>

[[File:Ostwald Color.jpg|thumb|Ostwald color solid]]
This representation of colors was an important early step toward their systematization, replacing color perception by the human eye with an objective system.<ref name="Color science">{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Kara |title=The Chemistry of Color |url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2018/05/09/the-chemistry-of-color/ |website=cooperhewitt.org |date=9 May 2018 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Design Museum]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Much of Ostwald's work on systematization of color was done in collaboration with [[Deutscher Werkbund]], which was an association of painters and architects.<ref name="Kim" />