Editing Whistleblowing (section)

====Whistleblowing in the scientific community====

Research fraud involves data, processes, or observations that were never there to begin with or later added on to fit a claim or narrative. A case involving the scientific community engaging in research fraudulence is that of [[Cyril Burt|Dr. Cyril Burt]]. Dr Cyril Burt was a British psychologist who proposed that he had discovered a [[heritable]] factor for intelligence based on studying twins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samelson |first=Franz |date=1997-03-01 |title=What to do about fraud charges in science; or, will the Burt affair ever end? |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018302319394 |journal=Genetica |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1023/A:1018302319394 |s2cid=263402190 |issn=1573-6857}}</ref> [[Oliver Gillie|Dr. Oliver Gillie]], a former colleague of Dr. Burt, inquired about Dr. Burt’s work, doubting the authenticity of the data and the certain twins on that Dr. Burt was basing his research. Dr. Gillies's inquiry revealed that there were discrepancies to Dr. Burt’s work with inconsistencies in the twin's birth dates  particularly with the absence of records for twins to participate in the study, the falsification of data, and the “invention of crucial facts to support his controversial theory that intelligence is largely inherited.” <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gillie |first=Oliver |date=1977 |title=Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20298643 |journal=The Phi Delta Kappan |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=469–471 |jstor=20298643 |issn=0031-7217}}</ref>  This led to the eventual retraction of Dr. Burt’s work.

[[Data manipulation]] is the changing or omitting of data or outcomes in such a way that the research is not accurately portrayed in the research record. [[Hwang Woo-Suk|Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk]], a South Korean [[stem cell]] researcher gained international recognition for his groundbreaking work on cloning and stem cell research. Dr. Hwang had a claim to successfully clone human embryos and derived patient-specific stem cell lines, forwarding the field of regenerative medicine which was published in the [[Science (journal)|''Journal of Science''.]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hwang |first1=Woo Suk |last2=Roh |first2=Sung Il |last3=Lee |first3=Byeong Chun |last4=Kang |first4=Sung Keun |last5=Kwon |first5=Dae Kee |last6=Kim |first6=Sue |last7=Kim |first7=Sun Jong |last8=Park |first8=Sun Woo |last9=Kwon |first9=Hee Sun |last10=Lee |first10=Chang Kyu |last11=Lee |first11=Jung Bok |last12=Kim |first12=Jin Mee |last13=Ahn |first13=Curie |last14=Paek |first14=Sun Ha |last15=Chang |first15=Sang Sik |date=2005-06-17 |title=Patient-Specific Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from Human SCNT Blastocysts |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5729 |pages=1777–1783 |doi=10.1126/science.1112286 |pmid=15905366 |bibcode=2005Sci...308.1777H |s2cid=86634281 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1126/science.1124926|pmid=16410485|http://retractionwatch.com/?s=woo+suk+hwang ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref> Dr. Kim Seon-Jung expressed his concerns regarding the accuracy of the research data and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Independent committees, as well as journalists, scrutinized the research data and methodology leading to an eventual retraction of his work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van der Heyden |first1=M. A. G. |last2=van de Derks Ven |first2=T. |last3=Opthof |first3=T. |date=2009-01-01 |title=Fraud and misconduct in science: the stem cell seduction |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03086211 |journal=Netherlands Heart Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03086211 |issn=1876-6250 |pmc=2626656 |pmid=19148335}}</ref>

Ethical violations can fall under the following: altering or making up new data to meet a specific goal, adjusting how data is shown or explained, looking at data in a biased manner, and leaving out parts about data analysis and conclusions. [[Paolo Macchiarini|Dr. Paolo Macchiarini]] is well-known within the scientific community as a thoracic surgeon and former regenerative researcher. Dr Macchiarini claimed to have made profound advancements in [[trachea]] transplantation by using synthetic tracheal scaffolds planted with the patient’s own stem cells. The goal was that the stem cells would eventually provide the patient with a suitable replacement trachea.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ethical perspectives and ramifications of the Paolo Macchiarini case |url=http://ijme.in/articles/ethical-perspectives-and-ramifications-of-the-paolo-macchiarini-case/?galley=html |access-date=2023-10-31 |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics | date=2017 |doi=10.20529/ijme.2017.048 | last1=Da Silva | first1=Jaime A Teixeira | volume=2 | issue=4 | pages=270–275 | pmid=28343147 | s2cid=35776559 }}</ref> Dr. Karl-Henrik Grinnemo, a member of Dr. Machiarini’s research team, raised concerns about the accuracy of the reported results and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Dr. Macchiarini’s ethical violations include exaggeration of success, failure to disclose the adverse post-operational effects, and complications of the surgery. Patients experienced severe health problems; several died post-surgery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hovrätt |first=Svea |date=2023-06-21 |title=Svea Court of Appeal passes its judgment in a case regarding three acts of gross assault at Karolinska Hospital in Huddinge and Solna between 2011 and 2012 |url=https://www.domstol.se/svea-hovratt/nyheter/2023/06/svea-court-of-appeal-passes-its-judgment-in-a-case-regarding-three-acts-of-gross-assault-at-karolinska-hospital-in-huddinge-and-solna-between-2011-and-2012/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Svea hovrätt |language=sv}}</ref> The acts of Dr. Macchiarini led to the retractions of research articles from the [[The Lancet|Lancet]], the termination of his academic positions, and [[Criminal inquiry|criminal inquiries]] in Sweden. It also sparked concerns over the supervision and control of clinical trials utilizing experimental techniques.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}