Editing Westminster system (section)

==Current countries==
Countries that use variations on the theme of the Westminster system, as of 2023, include the following:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Country
!scope="col" |Legislature
!scope="col" |System of {{abbr|govt.|government}}
!scope="col" |Notes/Differences from the standard Westminster model
|-
| {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Politics of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]]
| [[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)|Senate]]<br />[[House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Monarchy]]
| 
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Politics of Australia|Australia]]
| [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]]:<br />[[Australian Senate|Senate]]<br />[[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Australia|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments.<br/>Lower house is elected using [[instant-runoff voting]]. Upper house is elected by [[single transferable vote]] (a form of [[proportional representation]]) with each state and territory treated as individual electorates. [[Queensland]] has a unicameral [[Parliament of Queensland|state parliament]] while all other states have bicameral parliaments. The [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|Australian Capital Territory]] and the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly|Northern Territory]] have unicameral legislatures.
|-
| {{flagicon|The Bahamas}} [[Politics of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]]
| [[Parliament of the Bahamas|Parliament]]:<br />[[Parliament of the Bahamas#Senate|Senate]]<br />[[Parliament of the Bahamas#House of Assembly|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of The Bahamas|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Politics of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| Republic
|Allows some extra-parliamentary ministers to be appointed, which is a variation from the strict monism of most Westminster systems.
|-
| {{flagicon|BRB}} [[Politics of Barbados|Barbados]]
| [[Parliament of Barbados|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of Barbados|Senate]]<br />[[House of Assembly of Barbados|House of Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Politics of Belize|Belize]]
| [[National Assembly (Belize)|National Assembly]]:<br />[[Senate (Belize)|Senate]]<br />[[House of Representatives (Belize)|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Belize|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Politics of Canada|Canada]]
| [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of Canada|Senate]]<br />[[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]
| [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and provincial governments.<br/>Caucuses require [[official party status]] for some parliamentary privileges.<br/>Two of its territorial parliaments operate [[Consensus government in Canada|without any caucuses]] other than cabinet, and therefore have no leader of the opposition.
|-
| {{flagicon|CAY}} [[Politics of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]]
| [[Parliament of the Cayman Islands|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarchy]]
|[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]], meaning ultimate authority for its government resides with the UK Parliament in Westminster
|-
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark]]
|[[Folketing]]
|[[Monarchy of Denmark|Monarchy]]
|Essentially identical to the Westminster system in function, but developed independently, though with inspiration from the UK. [[Proportional representation]] is used to elect the [[Folketing]].
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Frederik X|a native monarch]], along with Japan, Lesotho, Malaysia, and Thailand.
|-
| {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Politics of Dominica|Dominica]]
| [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Politics of Fiji|Fiji]]
| [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|GRN}} [[Politics of Grenada|Grenada]]
| [[Parliament of Grenada|Parliament]]:<br />[[Parliament of Grenada#Senate|Senate]]<br />[[Parliament of Grenada#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Grenada|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Politics of India|India]]
| [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]:<br />[[Rajya Sabha]]<br />[[Lok Sabha]]
| Republic
|[[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments. The [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) is popularly elected via first past the post. The [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house) is mostly elected by the members of state/union territory legislatures using [[single transferable vote]] with a handful of members being appointed by the [[President of India]].
|-
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Politics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[Oireachtas]]:<br />[[Seanad Éireann]]<br />[[Dáil Éireann]]
| Republic
| Dáil Éireann (the lower house) is elected by universal suffrage by single transferable vote from constituencies of 3 to 5 members. [[President of Ireland|President]] is directly elected using instant-runoff voting. The Head of government has the title of [[Taoiseach]] (in the [[Irish language]] meaning roughly "captain" or "leader") and is appointed by the president on the nomination of the Dáil.
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Politics of Italy|Italy]]
| [[Italian Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]<br />[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Republic
| Very similar to the Westminster system but developed independently, though with inspiration from the UK. Notably, the [[Italian Parliament]] employs [[Perfect bicameral system|perfect bicameralism]], with the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] exercising identical powers; thus, a government must maintain majorities in both. The Chamber of Deputies and most of the Senate are directly elected through [[parallel voting]]. Five people appointed by the [[President of Italy]], as well as previous Presidents of Italy, serve as [[Senators for life in Italy|senators for life]].
|-
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Politics of Israel|Israel]]
| [[Knesset]]
| Republic
| Modified Westminster system: Powers which would have been exercised by the [[President of Israel]] are divided between the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], the Cabinet, and the speaker of the legislature.<br/>The Prime Minister was directly elected from 1996 to 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arian |first1=Asher |last2=Shamir |first2=Michal |title=A Decade Later, the World Had Changed, the Cleavage Structure Remained |journal=Party Politics |date=November 2008 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=685–705 |doi=10.1177/1354068808093406|s2cid=144231226 }}</ref> [[Closed list]] [[party-list proportional representation]] is used to elect members to the Knesset.
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Politics of Japan|Japan]]
| [[National Diet]]:<br />[[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]]<br />[[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]]
| [[Emperor of Japan|Monarchy]]
| Modified Westminster system: many non-[[reserve powers]] which would have been exercised by the [[Emperor of Japan]] on the advice of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] in an unmodified system are exercised directly by the [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]], and Imperial [[reserve powers]] do not exist. Both houses of the [[National Diet]] are elected using [[parallel voting]].
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Naruhito|a native monarch]], along with Denmark, Lesotho, Malaysia, and Thailand.
|-
| {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Politics of Jamaica|Jamaica]]
| [[Parliament of Jamaica|Parliament]]:<br />Senate<br />House of Representatives
| [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Politics of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
| [[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of Lesotho|Senate]]<br />[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
| [[List of monarchs of Lesotho|Monarchy]]
| Constitutional monarchy that operates under a Westminster system.
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Letsie III|a native monarch]], along with Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, and Thailand.
|-
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Politics of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]]:<br />[[Dewan Negara]]<br />[[Dewan Rakyat]]
| [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Monarchy (elective)]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments.<br/>The Yang-di-Pertuan Agong shares characteristics of heads of state in both monarchies and republics.
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Politics of Malta|Malta]]
| [[Parliament of Malta|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|MRI}} [[Politics of Mauritius|Mauritius]]
| [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Politics of Nepal|Nepal]]
| [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|Parliament]]:<br />[[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]]<br />[[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| Republic<ref>{{cite web |url=http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |title=CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223153410/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015  }}</ref>
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Politics of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Monarchy]]
| Uses [[mixed-member proportional representation]] to elect members to its unicameral Parliament. [[Maori electorates|Several seats]] in NZ Parliament are [[Reserved political positions|reserved]] for election by Indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]] voters.
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Politics of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]]<br />[[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]]
| Republic 
|[[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and provincial governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|PNG}} [[Politics of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Monarchy]]
| One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that a person is nominated for the position of [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]] not by the [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]] but by a majority vote in Parliament, then they are appointed by the monarch. Members are elected to the Parliament by instant-runoff voting. 
|-
| {{flagicon|SKN}} [[Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| [[National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|National Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and subnational governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Politics of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]
| [[Parliament of Saint Lucia|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate of Saint Lucia|Senate]]<br />[[House of Assembly of Saint Lucia|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
| [[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Politics of Samoa|Samoa]]
| [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Politics of Singapore|Singapore]]
| [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]]
| Republic
| [[President of Singapore|President]] is directly elected by [[first-past-the-post]] voting.
|-
| {{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Politics of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]
| [[National Parliament of Solomon Islands|Parliament of the Solomon Islands]]
| [[Monarchy of the Solomon Islands|Monarchy]]
| One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that a person is nominated for the position of [[Governor-General of the Solomon Islands|Governor-General]] not by the [[Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands|Prime Minister]] but by a majority vote in Parliament, then they are appointed by the monarch, similar to neighboring Papua New Guinea.
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Politics of Thailand|Thailand]]
| [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]:<br />[[Senate of Thailand|Senate]]<br />[[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarchy]]
|Political parties must nominate a person they want to be [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] to the [[Election Commission of Thailand|Election Commission]] before the general election, a party can nominate of candidate list up to three names, the nominee does not have to be a member of the party, and a political parties must receive at least 5% of the seats in the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]] in order to be able to nominate the person that the party previously proposed to the Election Commission to the House of Representatives for approval. Members of the House of Representatives are elected using [[parallel voting]].
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Vajiralongkorn|a native monarch]], along with Denmark, Japan, Lesotho, and Malaysia.
|-
| {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Politics of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
| [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]:<br />[[Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)|Senate]]<br />[[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Politics of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]
| [[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Politics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]:<br />[[House of Lords]]<br />[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
| [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarchy]]
|Between 2011 ([[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]]) and 2022 ([[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]]), the Prime Minister did not have the ability to call early elections.
|-
| {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Politics of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]
| [[Parliament of Vanuatu|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|}