Editing Volkswagen Golf (section)

==Electric versions==
{{See also|Electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle}}
[[File:VW Golf CityStromer ( 1070567-HDR).jpg|thumb|Golf III CityStromer]]

The VW Golf has had several generations made into electric ''CityStromer'' models. The first of these was in the 1970s when VW took a standard Golf Mk1 and converted it to electric power. By the time the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Golf Mk2]] came into production a limited number of electric Golfs were made, using [[lead–acid battery]] packs and a custom-made motor and controller.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} VW continued with the production of limited numbers of CityStromer electric cars with the introduction of the Golf Mk3. The electric CityStromer Mk3 included a [[Siemens]]-based AC drive system, and [[Lead-acid battery|lead–acid battery]] packs. They had a maximum speed of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} and a range of approximately {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citystromer.cz/index_en.html |title=CitySTROMer |publisher=Citystromer.cz |access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref> With a few exceptions, only left-hand drive Golfs were converted by VW into Citystromer models. These vehicles are still used today and have popularity in mainland Europe with only a few present in [[Great Britain]]. Only two right-hand drive Mk2 CityStromers were built for the UK market and it is believed only one remains today. It is owned by EV advocate and broadcaster Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield, host of Transport Evolved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aminorjourney.com/journal/2009/11/13/aminorjourneycom-on-positivetv.html|title=The CityStromer EV on PositiveTV|accessdate=19 August 2023}}</ref>

===Golf Variant Twin Drive===
As part of the "Fleet study in electric mobility" project that began in 2008, VW developed the Golf Variant twinDRIVE [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]], and built twenty examples for research. These vehicles have an [[all-electric range]] of {{cvt|57|km|mi|0}} and the [[internal combustion engine]] provides for a total range of {{cvt|900|km|mi}}. The plug-in hybrid drive of the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is equipped with either an 11.2&nbsp;[[kWh]] or a 13.2&nbsp;kWh [[lithium-ion battery]] pack, as Volkswagen is testing packs from two vendors. Ten vehicles are equipped with batteries from the American-German manufacturer GAIA with [[cathode]] type nickel cobalt aluminium dioxide (NCA). The other ten is powered by lithium-ion batteries with [[Lithium-ion battery#High power cathode using lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)|nickel manganese cobalt]] (NMC) cathodes from the Korean-German joint venture SB LiMotive ([[Samsung]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]). These 10 vehicles have been in use since early 2011. Both battery systems offer high power and energy density. They each weigh about {{cvt|150|kg|lb}}. The [[gasoline engine]] is used to support the electric heating system when outdoor temperatures are low.<ref name=GCC0611>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/vw-20110629.html|title=Volkswagen presents status of fleet study in electromobility; latest generation of twïnDRIVE plug-in hybrid|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=29 June 2011|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>

Using guidelines for determining the fuel consumption of plug-in hybrids, VW estimated a fuel consumption of 2.1&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km (112&nbsp;mpg US), which is equivalent to 49&nbsp;g/km CO<sub>2</sub>. When the battery is fully charged, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE is designed to maximize the share of pure electrical energy used for driving, and only when longer distances are driven does the share of supplemental gasoline fuel increase. Top speed of the car is {{cvt|170|km/h|mph|0}} and it accelerates to 100&nbsp;km/h (62&nbsp;mph) in under 12&nbsp;seconds. When operated in pure electric mode, the Golf Variant twinDRIVE can reach a top speed of {{cvt|120|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref name=GCC0611/>

The production version was expected to be based on Mk6 Golf featuring a 1.5&nbsp;L turbodiesel engine and electric motor, with estimated arrival date of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vijayenthiran |first=Viknesh |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/volkswagen-twin-drive-plug-in-hybrids-not-due-until-2015.html |title=VW Twin Drive plug-in hybrids not due until 2015 |publisher=Motorauthority.com |date=4 September 2008 |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427113614/http://www.motorauthority.com/volkswagen-twin-drive-plug-in-hybrids-not-due-until-2015.html |archive-date=27 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[SEAT León]] prototype with the Twin Drive system was also under development.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

===Volkswagen e-Golf===

==== Concept version ====
[[File:Golf VII Blue-e-Motion.JPG|thumb|Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion concept]]
Based on the Golf Mk6, the Golf blue-e-motion concept has a [[all-electric range|range]] of {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=VW provides update with a few more technical details on Golf blue-e-motion EV; market debut in 2014 |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=9 November 2010 |url= http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/vw-provides-update-with-a-few-more-technical-details-on-golf-blue-e-motion-ev-market-debut-in-2014.html  |access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> Volkswagen scheduled a field testing program with 500 units to begin in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |author=Andrew Peterson|title=Volkswagen's First Electric Car Will Be Based on 2013 Golf |publisher=Automobiles Magazine |date=22 April 2010 |url= http://rumors.automobilemag.com/6637183/green/volkswagen-s-first-electric-car-will-be-based-on-2013-golf/index.html  |access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Volkswagen announces electrification plan, 500 Golf EVs in 2011 |publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]] |date=1 March 2010 |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/01/volkswagen-announces-electrification-plan-500-golf-evs-in-2011/ |access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> The first 10 units began field testing in [[Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant|Wolfsburg]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Test fleet of the Golf blue-e-motion launched |publisher=TechVehi |date=11 May 2011 |url= http://www.technologicvehicles.com/en/green-transportation-news/826/test-fleet-of-the-golf-blue-e-motion-launched |access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in June 2011 in [[Berlin]], [[Hannover]] and Wolfsburg.<ref name="Autoweek110616">{{cite news |author=David Jolley |url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110616/CARNEWS/110619900 |title=Volkswagen preps the Golf EV for 2013 launch |date=16 June 2011 |publisher=AutoWeek}}</ref> In February 2012, the first e-Golf, as the production version was renamed, was delivered in [[Belmont, California]]. A total of 20 e-Golfs were allocated to the U.S. field testing program.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield |title=Volkswagen Plugs In, Starts eGolf Test Fleet In California |publisher=Green Car Reports |date=27 February 2012 |url= http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073454_volkswagen-plugs-in-starts-egolf-test-fleet-in-california |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

The Golf blue-emotion concept has a 26.5&nbsp;kWh [[lithium-ion battery]] pack and is powered by an 85&nbsp;kW electric motor which drives the front wheels through a single-speed transmission. It will accelerate to {{convert|62|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}} in 11.8&nbsp;seconds and has a top speed of {{convert|86|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Autoweek110616/> [[Paddle shift]]ers are used to adjust the amount of regenerative braking. The vehicle's PRNDL stick has an additional 'B' mode as found on some other electric vehicles to set the regenerative braking effort to the maximum for sustained downhill travelling.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

; Production version

{{Main|Volkswagen e-Golf}}
[[File:2019 Volkswagen e-Golf.jpg|thumb|2019 Volkswagen e-Golf]]

The production version of the 2015 '''Volkswagen e-Golf''' was unveiled at the 2013 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/09/10/2015-volkswagen-e-golf-frankfurt-2013/ |title=2015 Volkswagen e-Golf is ready to battle the Nissan Leaf |author= Chris Paukert |publisher=[[Autoblog.com]] |date=10 September 2013|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> According to VW the e-Golf has a practical [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|130|to|190|km|abbr=on}}, with an official [[New European Driving Cycle|NEDC cycle]] of {{Convert|190|km|abbr=on}}, and the winter range is expected to be {{convert|80|to|120|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="eGolf2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/02/20140215-egolf.html|title=Volkswagen launches the battery-electric e-Golf in Germany; "Das e-Auto"|author=VW Media Services|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=15 February 2014|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> The 2015 e-Golf has an official [[EPA]] rated [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|83|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and a combined fuel economy of 116 [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] (MPGe) for an energy consumption of 29&nbsp;kW-hrs/100&nbsp;mi. The EPA rating for city driving is 126 MPGe and 105 MPGe for the highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=35849|title=2015 Volkswagen e-Golf|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=14 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Production of vehicles destined for retail customers began in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-volkswagen-debute-la-production-de-la-golf-electrique-a-wolfsburg-4828.html|title=Volkswagen débute la production de la Golf électrique à Wolfsburg|language=fr|trans-title=Volkswagen starts production of electric Golf in Wolfsburg|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM) |date=10 March 2014|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

For the 2017 model year, the e-Golf received an update, which included an improved range, better fuel economy, and more power than the outgoing model. With a new 35.8 kWh lithium-ion battery, the upgraded car is said to achieve an EPA-estimated range of {{convert|144|to|201|km|abbr=on}}, and have a combined 119 MPGe. The 2017 e-Golf also provides a faster charging time; SE and SEL Premium trim levels have a 7.2&nbsp;kW unit that allows the battery to be fully charged in under six hours at a 240 V charging station. There is an optional (standard on SEL Premium) DC Fast Charging feature that allows the car to be charged to 80% in only an hour at a DC fast charging station.<ref>{{cite web |author=Carl Anthony |title=2017 VW e-Golf Improves Strongly Over 2016 Model |publisher=Automoblog.net |date=22 February 2017 |url= http://www.automoblog.net/2017/02/22/2017-vw-e-golf-improves-strongly-2016-model/ |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

; Markets and sales

On 14 February 2014, Volkswagen launched sales of the e-Golf in Germany.<ref name=eGolf2014/> On 11 March 2014, Volkswagen opened ordering for the e-Golf in the UK,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvwegolf.com/uk-e-golf-orders-open-priced-at-25845/|access-date=19 March 2014|author=Mike Szostech|title=UK e-Golf – orders open, priced at £25,845|date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> with deliveries began at the end of June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/11/20131114-egolf.html|title=VW provides details on e-Golf prior to launch at LA Auto Show|author=VW Press Release|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=14 November 2013|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

In [[Norway]], the e-Golf became available for pre-order on 25 February 2014 for delivery in June 2014. European sales totaled 3,328 units in 2014, and 1,214 units in 2015.<ref name="Europe2014">{{cite web |last=Pontes |first=Jose |date=2015-01-31 |title=Europe December 2014 |url=http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2015/01/europe-december-2014.html |access-date=2016-02-07 |publisher=EVSales.com}} ''European VW e-Golf sales totaled 3,328 units in 2014.''</ref>

The 2015 e-Golf did not have a liquid-cooled battery pack because strict testing showed high ambient temperatures did not affect battery performance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen chooses to drop the liquid cooling on the e-Golf|url=http://www.myvwegolf.com/volkswagen-chooses-to-drop-the-liquid-cooling-on-the-e-golf/|publisher=My Electric Car News|access-date=17 April 2014|author=Mike Szostech|date=17 April 2014 }}</ref> U.S. sales were slated to start on selected states in November 2014.<ref name=USeGolf>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/08/20140825-egolf.html|title=Volkswagen prices e-Golf in US at $35,445
|author=VW Press Release|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=25 August 2014|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, the e-Golf started to show up at dealerships throughout the Northeast.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Michael Szostech|title=Volkswagen e-Golf Availability|url=http://www.myvwegolf.com/volkswagen-e-golf-availability/|website=My VW e-Golf|publisher=MECF|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

Production of the e-Golf ended in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://electrek.co/2020/12/23/vw-ends-production-electric-e-golf-favor-id3/ |title= VW ends production of electric e-Golf in favor of new ID.3 |website= [[electrek.co]] |first= Fred |last= Lambert |date= 2020-12-23 |access-date= 2021-01-26}}</ref>

===Volkswagen Golf GTE===
{{See also|Volkswagen Passat GTE|Audi A3 Sportback e-tron}}
[[File:Volkswagen Golf GTE Sport - IAA 2015.jpg|thumb|Volkswagen Golf GTE Sport at the IAA 2015]]
The Golf GTE is a [[plug-in hybrid]] version of the Golf hatchback unveiled at the 2014 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. The Golf GTE shares the basic powertrain hardware with the [[Audi A3 Sportback e-tron]] but the software controls are different.<ref name=VWemobility>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/03/20140313-golf.html|title=Volkswagen: e-mobility and sustainability; Part 1, the e-Golf and Golf GTE |author=Mike Millikin |publisher=Green Car Congress|date=13 March 2014|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> The Golf GTE also shares the same plug-in hybrid powertrain with the [[Volkswagen Passat GTE]], but the Passat has a larger 9.9 kWh Li-ion battery pack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/09/20140929-passatgte-1.html|title=Promised VW Passat plug-in hybrid to debut at Paris show; both sedan and wagon|author=Mike Millikin|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=29 September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

The GTE [[Volkswagen Golf Mk7#Golf GTE|Mark 7]] generation was powered by a 1.4-litre {{cvt|110|kW}} TSI direct-injection gasoline engine combined with a {{Convert|75|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=in}} [[electric motor]], powered by a 400 [[Volt|V]] 8.8 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery]], for a total hybrid system power of around {{Convert|153|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=in}}. The electric motor delivered a theoretical [[all-electric range]] of {{cvt|50|km}} and the hybrid system a total theoretical range of {{cvt|933|km}} (measured using [[New European Driving Cycle|NEDC]]). The [[all-electric mode]] can be activated at the push of a button. Under the [[New European Driving Cycle]], combined fuel economy is {{cvt|157|mpgUS|L/100km|order=flip}} equivalent ({{cvt|176.6|mpgUS|L/100km|order=flip}} in generation 8). The Golf GTE has a top speed of {{cvt|130|mph|order=flip}} in the all-electric mode and accelerates from {{cvt|0|to|62|mph|order=flip}} in under 7.6&nbsp;seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2014/02/20/vw-golf-gte-plug-in-hybrid-geneva-official/|title=VW Golf GTE plugs in the GTI for guilt-free fun|author=Noah Joseph|publisher=[[Autoblog.com]]|date=20 February 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

In the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk8#Golf GTE|Mark 8]] generation, available from model year 2021, the electric motor power was increased to {{cvt|81|kW}}, the total system power to {{cvt|180|kW}}, the battery capacity to 13 [[kWh]], and the all-electric range to 60 kilometers (measured using [[Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure|WLTP]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=VOLKSWAGEN Golf VIII GTE specs & photos - 2020, 2021|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/volkswagen-golf-viii-gte-2020.html|access-date=2021-08-02|website=autoevolution|language=en}}</ref> The fuel tank was diminished from 50 litres (10.6 gallons) to 40 litres (8.8 gallons).

The vehicle can be recharged from a Type 2 charging point in about 2 hours, or from a standard 230 V wall outlet in approximately 4 hours (6 hours for generation 8). In common with other plug-in hybrid vehicles, the vehicle may be used in pure electric mode, parallel-hybrid (petrol + electric), and range-extender mode (petrol engine recharging the high-voltage battery).

The GTE release to retail customers was scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2014.<ref name=VW_GTE>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/02/20140221-gte.html |title=Volkswagen to introduce Golf plug-in hybrid at Geneva; first deliveries in autumn|author=VW Media|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=21 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> The first units were registered in Germany in August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/09/germany-august-2014.html|title=Germany August 2014|author=Jose Pontes|publisher=EVSales.com|date=13 September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> The Golf GTE, with 1,695 units sold, was the best-selling plug-in hybrid in France in 2015, representing 30.3% of the segment sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://insideevs.com/volkswagen-golf-gte-is-the-most-popular-plug-in-hybrid-in-france/ |title=Volkswagen Golf GTE Is The Most Popular Plug-In Hybrid In France |first=Mark |last=Kane |work=InsideEVs.com| date=2016-02-06|access-date=2016-02-07}} ''A total of 5,583 plug-in hybrids were sold in France in 2015, including 543 [[BMW i3 REx]] models.''</ref> With 17,300 units sold in Europe in 2015, the Golf GTE ranked as the second top selling plug-in hybrid after the [[Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV]] (31,214).<ref name=Europe2015/> According to [[JATO Dynamics]], a total of 18,397 units have been registered in Europe through December 2015.<ref name=Europe2015>{{cite web| url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160315/ANE/160319949/hybrid-sales-expected-to-triple-in-europe-as-tougher-co2-rules-loom |title=Hybrid sales expected to triple in Europe as tougher {{CO2}} rules loom  |first=Nick |last=Gibbs |work=[[Automotive News|Automotive News Europe]]|date=2016-03-15 |access-date=2016-02-22}} ''VW Golf GTE sales totaled 1,097 units in 2014 and 17,300 as reported by [[JATO Dynamics]].''</ref> The Golf GTE was temporarily discontinued in 2018, due to high demand leading to long lead times, according to Volkswagen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volkswagen.co.uk/new/golf/explore/gte|title=Volkswagen Golf GTE &#124; New 2018 Range : Volkswagen UK|website=www.volkswagen.co.uk}}</ref>