Editing Vibrato (section)

====In Baroque music====

On the clavichord, tremolo ([[bebung]]) refers to a vibrato effect created by varying the depression of the keys.

Theorists and authors of treatises on instrumental technique of the era regularly used tremolo or bebung to refer to vibrato on other instruments and in the voice; however, there was not uniform agreement in what the term meant.

Some influential authors such as [[Johann Mattheson|Matteson]] and [[Johann Adam Hiller|Hiller]] believed the natural trembling in the voice occurred "without making it higher or lower". This could be achieved on string instruments by varying the speed of the bow, waving the hand, or rolling the bow in the fingers. On the organ, a similar effect is created by the [[tremulant]]. (Contradictory to his description, Hiller recommended string players vary the pitch by rolling the fingers to create the effect).

Other authors seem to differentiate by degrees.  [[Leopold Mozart]] includes tremolo in chapter 11 of his violin treatise, but describes an unnamed vibrato technique in chapter 5 on tone production.  His son, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], appears to take the exact opposite definition as his father: in a letter to his father, Mozart criticizes singers for "pulsing" their voice beyond the natural fluctuation of the voice, the latter of which being pleasant should be imitated on the violin, winds, and clavichord (with bebung).

To other authors such as [[Giuseppe Tartini|Tartini]], [[Lodovico Zacconi|Zacconi]], and [[Robert Bremner (violinist)|Bremner]] (student of [[Francesco Geminiani|Geminiani]]), there is no distinction between the two.<ref>Neumann, Frederick (1991) "The Vibrato Controversy," ''Performance Practice Review'': Vol. 4: No. 1, Article 3. {{doi|10.5642/perfpr.199104.01.3}}

Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/ppr/vol4/iss1/3</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Did early string players use continuous vibrato? |url=https://www.thestrad.com/did-early-string-players-use-continuous-vibrato/1863.article|newspaper=The Strad|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

Flute treatises of the era describe a variety of techniques for [[flattement]] as well as vibrato by shaking the flute with pitch fluctuations varying from nearly nothing to very large.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bania|first=Maria|title=Flute vibrato in the 18th and 19th centuries|journal=Traverso}}</ref>