Editing Vesicle (biology and chemistry) (section)

===Other types===
{{Main|Gas vesicle}}

Gas vesicles are used by [[archaea]], [[bacteria]] and [[plankton]]ic microorganisms, possibly to control vertical migration by regulating the gas content and thereby [[buoyancy]], or possibly to position the cell for maximum solar light harvesting.  These vesicles are typically lemon-shaped or cylindrical tubes made out of protein;<ref name=Pfeifer2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pfeifer F | title = Distribution, formation and regulation of gas vesicles | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 705–15 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22941504 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2834 | s2cid = 9926129 }}</ref> their diameter determines the strength of the vesicle with larger ones being weaker. The diameter of the vesicle also affects its volume and how efficiently it can provide buoyancy.  In cyanobacteria, natural selection has worked to create vesicles that are at the maximum diameter possible while still being structurally stable.  The protein skin is permeable to gases but not water, keeping the vesicles from flooding.<ref name="Gas vesicles"/>

[[Extracellular matrix|Matrix]] vesicles are located within the extracellular space, or matrix. Using [[electron microscopy]], they were discovered independently in 1967 by H. Clarke Anderson<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson HC | title = Electron microscopic studies of induced cartilage development and calcification | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–101 | date = October 1967 | pmid = 6061727 | pmc = 2107116 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.35.1.81 }}</ref> and Ermanno Bonucci.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonucci E | title = Fine structure of early cartilage calcification | journal = Journal of Ultrastructure Research | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–50 | date = September 1967 | pmid = 4195919 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-5320(67)80034-0 }}</ref> These cell-derived vesicles are specialized to initiate [[biomineralisation]] of the matrix in a variety of tissues, including [[bone]], [[cartilage]] and [[dentin]]. During normal [[calcification]], a major influx of calcium and phosphate ions into the cells accompanies cellular [[apoptosis]] (genetically determined self-destruction) and matrix vesicle formation. Calcium-loading also leads to formation of [[phosphatidylserine]]:calcium:phosphate complexes in the plasma membrane mediated in part by a protein called [[annexins]]. Matrix vesicles bud from the plasma membrane at sites of interaction with the extracellular matrix. Thus, matrix vesicles convey to the extracellular matrix calcium, phosphate, lipids and the annexins which act to nucleate mineral formation. These processes are precisely coordinated to bring about, at the proper place and time, mineralization of the tissue's matrix unless the Golgi are non-existent.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

[[Endosome|Multivesicular body]], or MVB, is a membrane-bound vesicle containing a number of smaller vesicles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Von Bartheld |first1=Christopher S. |last2=Altick |first2=Amy L. |date=March 2011 |title=Multivesicular bodies in neurons: Distribution, protein content, and trafficking functions |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=313–340 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.003|pmid=21216273 |pmc=3055956 }}</ref>