Editing Ukrainian language (section)

=== In the Russian Empire ===
During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire [[Dnieper Ukraine]] and Austrian [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]. The [[Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius]] in Kyiv applied an old word for the Cossack motherland, ''Ukrajina'', as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and ''Ukrajins'ka mova'' for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that a self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools.<ref name=schools/> In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year [[Taras Shevchenko]] was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 [[Pavlo Chubynsky]] was exiled for seven years to [[Arkhangelsk]]. The Ukrainian magazine ''[[Osnova]]'' was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister [[Pyotr Valuyev]] proclaimed in [[Valuyevsky Ukaz|his decree]] that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language".<ref name="Valuyev">[[s:ru:Валуевский циркуляр|Валуевский циркуляр]], full text of the Valuyev circular on [[Wikisource]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|first=Timothy|last=Snyder|title=The Making of Modern Ukraine. Class 22. Ukrainian Ideas in the 21st Century|minutes=4|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz6MSiGZQCU|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821123224/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz6MSiGZQCU|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the [[name of Ukraine]] is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century.<ref name="Flier,Graziosi">https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905073704/https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction |date=5 September 2023 }} "It was during this period that elites on both sides of the border began to apply the term Ukrainian to the varieties formerly called Ruthenian and Little Russian."</ref> The [[linguonym]] ''Ukrainian language'' appears in [[Yakub Holovatsky]]'s book from 1849,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/golovatsky1849/page/n33/mode/2up | title=Розправа о язиці южноруськім і його наріччях | date=5 January 2024 }}</ref> listed there as a variant name of the ''Little Russian language''. In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpcjAAAAMAAJ&q="наш+прекрасний+український+язик |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpcjAAAAMAAJ&dq= |archive-date=4 September 2023|page=269 | title=Istorii͡a ukraïnsʹkoï literatury | date=1954 }}</ref> Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once.<ref name="Valuyev" /> In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term ''Ukrainian'' to the language were in the hyphenated names ''Ukrainian-Ruthenian'' (1866, by [[Paulin Święcicki]]) or ''Ruthenian-Ukrainian'' (1871, by [[Panteleimon Kulish]] and [[Ivan Puluj]]), with non-hyphenated ''Ukrainian language'' appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]]).{{sfn|Moser|2017|p=103}}<ref>https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/7615/file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128082130/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/7615/file.pdf |date=28 November 2022 }} p.97: "...а також і дльа неукрајінських читачів, котрим не можна давати книги на украјінськіј мові, поки не буде словника тіјејі мови."</ref>

A following ban on Ukrainian books led to [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]]'s secret [[Ems Ukaz]], which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned the printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu14.htm |title=XII. СКОРПІОНИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКЕ СЛОВО. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214746/http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia.{{Sfn|Luckyj|1990|pp=24–25}}

For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in [[Halychyna]] and [[Bukovina]], where Ukrainian was widely used in education and official documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/subtelny/istukr/17.htm#6 |title=Вiртуальна Русь: Бібліотека<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=28 January 2006 |archive-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517081804/http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/subtelny/istukr/17.htm#6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

By the time of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 and the [[Austro-Hungary#Dissolution of the Empire|collapse of Austro-Hungary]] in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop a body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], shortly joined by the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved.<ref name=UkrGrammar30 />

====Speakers in the Russian Empire====
[[File:Ukrainian in Russian Empire 1897.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ukrainian speakers in the Russian Empire (1897)]]
In the [[Russian Empire Census]] of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of the Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language (''Русскій'') was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, '[[Little Russian]]'), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, '[[Great Russian]]'), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian').{{cn|date=June 2024}}

The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language (''"по родному языку"'') in 1897 in [[Russian Empire]] governorates (''[[guberniya]]s'') that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php |title=Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034344/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:right; white-space:wrap; border:0 none transparent; border-collapse:collapse;" summary="Speakers of Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish languages in the entire Russian Empire, by rural/urban split, and broken down by 23 guberniyas."
|- style="border-bottom:3px double #999; vertical-align:bottom;"
!
! style="width:20%;"| Total population
! style="width:20%;"| Ukrainian speakers
! style="width:20%;"| Russian speakers
! style="width:20%;"| Polish speakers
|- style="background:#eee;"
| {{em|[[Russian Empire|Entire Russian Empire]]}}
| 125,640,021
| 22,380,551
| 55,667,469
| 7,931,307
|-
| [[Urban area|Urban]]
| 16,828,395
| 1,256,387
| 8,825,733
| 1,455,527
|-
| [[Rural]]
| 108,811,626
| 21,124,164
| 46,841,736
| 6,475,780
|- style="border-top:1px solid #999; background:#eee;"
| {{em|Regions}}
| colspan=4 |
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| "[[European Russia]]" <br />incl. Ukraine & Belarus
| 93,442,864
| 20,414,866
| 48,558,721
| 1,109,934
|-
| [[Vistula Land|Vistulan guberniyas]]
| 9,402,253
| 335,337
| 267,160
| 6,755,503
|-
| [[Caucasus]]
| 9,289,364
| 1,305,463
| 1,829,793
| 25,117
|-
| [[Siberia]]
| 5,758,822
| 223,274
| 4,423,803
| 29,177
|-
| [[Central Asia]]
| 7,746,718
| 101,611
| 587,992
| 11,576
|- style="border-top:1px solid #999; background:#eee;"
| {{em|Subdivisions}}
| colspan=4 |
|-
| [[Bessarabia]]
| 1,935,412
| 379,698
| 155,774
| 11,696
|-
| [[Volhynia|Volyn]]
| 2,989,482
| 2,095,579
| 104,889
| 184,161
|-
| [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]]
| 2,531,253
| 915,883
| 1,602,948
| 1,778
|-
| [[Don Host Oblast]]
| 2,564,238
| 719,655
| 1,712,898
| 3,316
|-
| [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate|Yekaterinoslav]]
| 2,113,674
| 1,456,369
| 364,974
| 12,365
|-
| [[Kyiv Governorate|Kyiv]]
| 3,559,229
| 2,819,145
| 209,427
| 68,791
|-
| [[Kursk Oblast|Kursk]]
| 2,371,012
| 527,778
| 1,832,498
| 2,862
|-
| [[Podolia]]
| 3,018,299
| 2,442,819
| 98,984
| 69,156
|-
| [[Poltava Governorate|Poltava]]
| 2,778,151
| 2,583,133
| 72,941
| 3,891
|-
| [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]]
| 1,447,790
| 611,121
| 404,463
| 10,112
|-
| [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]
| 2,492,316
| 2,009,411
| 440,936
| 5,910
|-
| [[Kherson Governorate|Kherson]]
| 2,733,612
| 1,462,039
| 575,375
| 30,894
|-
| [[Odesa|City of Odesa]]
| 403,815
| 37,925
| 198,233
| 17,395
|-
| [[Chernigov Governorate|Chernihiv]]
| 2,297,854
| 1,526,072
| 495,963
| 3,302
|-
| [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]
| 1,160,662
| 196,476
| 47,912
| 729,529
|-
| [[Siedlce Voivodeship|Sedletsk]]
| 772,146
| 107,785
| 19,613
| 510,621
|-
| [[Kuban|Kuban Province]]
| 1,918,881
| 908,818
| 816,734
| 2,719
|-
| [[Stavropol Krai|Stavropol]]
| 873,301
| 319,817
| 482,495
| 961
|- style="border-bottom:3px double #999;"
| [[Brest Voblast|Brest-Litovsk district]]
| 218,432
| 140,561
| 17,759
| 8,515
|}

Although in the rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in [[Odesa]] (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of the population said Ukrainian was their native language.<ref name=George>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&dq=Nikolayev+Ukrainian+language&pg=PA12 ''Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923–1934''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406080213/https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&dq=Nikolayev+Ukrainian+language&pg=PA12 |date=6 April 2023 }} by George O. Liber, [[Cambridge University Press]], 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-521-41391-6}} (page 12/13)</ref>

Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917.<ref name=George/>