Editing Typhon (section)

==="Couch of Typhoeus"===
Homer describes a place he calls the "couch [or bed] of Typhoeus", which he locates in the land of the [[Arimoi]] (''εἰν Ἀρίμοις''), where Zeus lashes the land about Typhoeus with his thunderbolts.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.783&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134 2.783].</ref> Presumably this is the same land where, according to Hesiod, Typhon's mate Echidna keeps guard "in Arima" (''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'').<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270 295–305]. Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA70 pp. 70–72]; West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Lane Fox, p. 288; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 pp. 28–29]. West, notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps his spouse"; compare with [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/354/mode/2up 8.97–98 (pp. 354–355)].</ref>

But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where these Arimoi or this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been, since ancient times, the subject of speculation and debate.<ref>For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA39 39], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283 283–301]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA317 317–318]. See also West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 pp. 28–30].</ref>

[[Strabo]] discusses the question in some detail.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6].</ref> Several locales, [[Cilicia]], [[History of Syria|Syria]], [[Lydia]], and the island of [[Ischia]], all places associated with Typhon, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Homer's "Arimoi".

[[Pindar]] has his Cilician Typhon slain by Zeus "among the Arimoi",<ref>[[Pindar]], fragment 93 ''apud'' [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html 13.4.6] (Race, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml pp. 328–329]).</ref> and the historian [[Callisthenes]] (4th century BC), located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the [[Göksu|Calycadnus]] river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promomtory.<ref>[[Callisthenes]] ''FGrH'' 124 F33 = [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA25 p. 25]; [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], p. 292. [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], pp. 292–298, connects Arima with the [[Hittites|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta" which he associates with the Corycian cave.</ref> The b scholia to ''[[Iliad]]'' 2.783, mentioned above, says Typhon was born in Cilicia "under Arimon",<ref>Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59–60 no. 52]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA36 pp. 36–38]; Gantz, pp. 50–51, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 46].</ref> and [[Nonnus]] mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.140. (I pp. 12–13)].</ref>

Just across the [[Gulf of Issus]] from [[Corycus]], in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern [[Jebel Aqra]]) and the [[Orontes River]], sites associated with Typhon's battle with Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html 16.2.7]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> and according to Strabo, the historian [[Posidonius]] (c. 2nd century BC) identified the Arimoi with the [[Aramaeans]] of Syria.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html 16.4.27].  According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71], the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans, and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is usually Typhon's land." But see Fox Lane, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA291 291–298], which rejects this identification, instead arguing for the derivation of "Arima" from the [[Hittites|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".</ref>

Alternatively, according to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi at Catacecaumene,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19 12.8.19].</ref> while [[Xanthus (historian)|Xanthus of Lydia]] (5th century BC) added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.11].</ref> Strabo also tells us that for "some" Homer's "couch of Typhon" was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for [[Sardis]] (or its acropolis), and that [[Demetrius of Scepsis]] (2nd century BC) thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]. For Hyde see also [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+20.386 20.386].</ref> The 3rd-century BC poet [[Lycophron]] placed the lair of Typhon's mate Echidna in this region.<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up 1351 ff. (pp. 606–607)] associates Echidna's "dread bed" with a lake identified as Lake Gygaea or Koloe (modern [[Lake Marmara]]), see Robert, pp. 334 ff.; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA290 pp. 290–291]. For Lake Gygaea see [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.858 2.864–866]; [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.93 1.93]; [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5 13.4.5–6].</ref>

Another place, mentioned by Strabo, as being associated with Arima, is the island of [[Ischia]], where according to [[Pherecydes of Athens]], Typhon had fled, and in the area where Pindar and others had said Typhon was buried. The connection to Arima, comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.<ref>Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6 13.4.6]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298 pp. 298–301]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 47]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29].</ref>