Editing Turpentine (section)

==Safety and health considerations==
{{NFPA 704|Health = 1|Flammability = 3|Reactivity = 0}}
Turpentine is highly flammable, so much so that it has been considered as an automotive fuel.

Turpentine was added extensively into gin during the [[Gin Craze]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28486017|title=When gin was full of sulphuric acid and turpentine|first=Finlo|last=Rohrer|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2014|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719043601/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28486017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Turpentine's vapour can irritate the skin and eyes, damage the [[lungs]] and respiratory system, as well as the [[central nervous system]] when inhaled, and cause damage to the [[renal system]] when ingested, among other things.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Turpentine - Symptoms|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0648.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-date = 2015-12-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123745/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0648.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Ingestion can cause burning sensations, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, confusion, convulsions, diarrhea, [[tachycardia]], unconsciousness, respiratory failure,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1063.htm | title = Turpentine | publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization | access-date = 2006-04-02 | archive-date = 2006-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060427165609/https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1063.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Chemical pneumonitis|chemical pneumonia]]. 

The US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) has set the legal limit ([[permissible exposure limit]]) for turpentine exposure in the workplace as 100&nbsp;ppm (560&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>) over an 8-hour workday. The same threshold was adopted by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) as the [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL). At levels of 800&nbsp;ppm (4480 mg/m3), turpentine is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Turpentine|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0648.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-date = 2015-12-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123745/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0648.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Folk medicine===
Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as [[coal oil]] and kerosene, were used in [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] for abrasions and wounds, as a treatment for [[lice]], and when mixed with [[animal fat]], as a chest rub or inhaler for nasal and throat ailments.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1606945926/
|title=Surviving 'The Spanish Lady' (Spanish flu)
|work=CBC News
|date=2003-04-10
|quote=A turpentine and hot water, and [wring hot towels out of there], and put it on their chest and back. --Elsie Miller (nee Smith)
|time=03:20
|access-date=2018-12-29
|archive-date=2020-08-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221113/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1606945926
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sarah Rieger |date=December 29, 2018 |title=100 years ago, a train carrying Spanish flu pulled into Calgary. Within weeks, Alberta was in crisis |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/spanish-flu-alberta-history-1.4948081 |work=CBC News |access-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229183935/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/spanish-flu-alberta-history-1.4948081 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vicks VapoRub|Vicks]] [[chest rub]]s still contain turpentine in their formulations, although not as an active ingredient.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DailyMed - VICKS VAPORUB (camphor- synthetic, eucalyptus oil, and menthol ointment|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e69a7c9b-fd04-4109-a7c8-6edfd83855fc|access-date=2021-05-05|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505064609/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e69a7c9b-fd04-4109-a7c8-6edfd83855fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Turpentine, now understood to be dangerous for consumption, was a common medicine among seamen during the [[Age of Discovery]]. It was one of several products carried aboard [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s fleet during the [[first circumnavigation of the globe]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Laurence Bergreen | author-link=Laurence Bergreen | title=Over the edge of the world : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe | url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg | year=2003 | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=0066211735 | access-date=2009-09-14 | url-access=registration }}</ref> Taken internally it was used as a treatment for [[intestinal parasite]]s. This is dangerous, due to the chemical's toxicity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/rural/remedies.html|title=Home Remedies - American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation|publisher=The Library of Congress|work=American Memory Timeline|access-date=2017-02-06|archive-date=2017-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031310/https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/rural/remedies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1063.htm|title=ICSC 1063 - TURPENTINE|website=www.inchem.org|access-date=2006-04-02|archive-date=2006-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427165609/https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1063.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Turpentine [[enema]]s, a very harsh purgative, had formerly been used for stubborn constipation or impaction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Turpentine_enema |title=Turpentine enema |website=Biology-Online Dictionary |date=7 October 2019 |publisher=Biology-Online |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-date=2019-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421005931/https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Turpentine_enema |url-status=live }}</ref> They were also given punitively to political dissenters in post-independence Argentina.<ref>"Ribbons and Rituals". In "Problems in Modern Latin American History". Ed. Chasteen and Wood. Oxford, UK: Scholarly Resources, 2005. p. 97, ISBN 9781442218598 and 9781442218604</ref>