Editing Tunis (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Tunis, Tunisia.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Tunis.]]
Tunis is located in north-eastern [[Tunisia]] on the [[Lake of Tunis]], and is connected to the Mediterranean sea's [[Gulf of Tunis]] by a canal which terminates at the port of [[La Goulette]]/[[Halq al Wadi]]. The ancient city of [[Carthage]] is located just north of Tunis along the coastal part. The city lies on a similar latitude as the southernmost points of Europe.

The city of Tunis is built on a hill slope down to the lake of Tunis. These hills contain places such as Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury, and La Manoubia with altitudes just above {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=18}}</ref> The city is located at the crossroads of a narrow strip of land between Lake Tunis and Séjoumi. The [[isthmus]] between them is what geologists call the "Tunis dome", which includes hills of limestone and sediments. It forms a natural bridge and since ancient times several major roads linking to [[Egypt]] and elsewhere in Tunisia have branched out from it. The roads also connect with Carthage, emphasizing its political and economic importance not only in Tunisia but more widely in North Africa and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in ancient times.

The Greater Tunis area has an area of {{cvt|300,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}}, 10% of which are urbanized, the rest being shared between bodies of water ({{cvt|20,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}} of lakes or lagoons) and agricultural or natural land ({{cvt|250,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}}). However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with [[urban sprawl]].

{{wide image|Lac nuit 02.jpg|800px|Panorama of Tunis at night|alt=Tunis City}}

=== Suburbs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:smaller;"
|-
! Municipality !! Population (2004) 
|-
| [[Ettadhamen-Mnihla]]
| {{Formatnum:118487}}
|-
| [[Ariana, Tunisia|Ariana]]
| {{Formatnum:97687}}
|-
| [[La Soukra]]
| {{Formatnum:89151}}
|-
| [[El Mourouj]]
| {{Formatnum:81986}}
|-
| [[La Marsa]]
| {{Formatnum:77890}}
|-
| [[Douar Hicher]]
| {{Formatnum:75844}}
|-
| [[Ben Arous]]
| {{Formatnum:74932}}
|-
| [[Mohamedia-Fouchana]]
| {{Formatnum:74620}}
|-
| [[Le Bardo]]
| {{Formatnum:70244}}
|-
| [[Le Kram]]
| {{Formatnum:58152}}
|-
| [[Oued Ellil]]
| {{Formatnum:47614}}
|-
| [[Radès]]
| {{Formatnum:44857}}
|-
| [[Raoued]]
| {{Formatnum:53911}}
|-
| [[Hammam Lif]]
| {{Formatnum:38401}}
|-
| [[La Goulette]]
| {{Formatnum:28407}}
|-
| [[Carthage (municipality)|Carthage]]
| {{Formatnum:28407}}
|-
| [[La Manouba]]
| {{Formatnum:26666}}
|-
| [[Mornag]]
| {{Formatnum:26406}}
|-
| [[Djedeida]]
| {{Formatnum:24746}}
|-
| [[Den Den]]
| {{Formatnum:24732}}
|-
| [[Tebourba]]
| {{Formatnum:24175}}
|-
| [[Mégrine]]
| {{Formatnum:24031}}
|-
| [[Kalâat el-Andalous]]
| {{Formatnum:15313}}
|-
| [[Mornaguia]]
| {{Formatnum:13382}}
|-
| [[Sidi Thabet]]
| {{Formatnum:8909}}
|-
| [[Sidi Bou Saïd]]
| {{Formatnum:4793}}
|-
| [[El Battan]]
| {{Formatnum:5761}}
|-
| [[Borj El Amri]]
| {{Formatnum:5556}}
|-
|  '''Total'''
| '''{{Formatnum:1265060}}'''
|-
|colspan="2"| ''Sources:'' [[National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)|National Institute of Statistics]]<ref name="ins">{{cite web| url= http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer |title= Census of 2004 information| language= fr |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015451/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer |archive-date=2013-12-07 |publisher= [[National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)|National Institute of Statistics]]| place= Tunisia| website= ins.nat.tn| date= }}</ref>
|}

After World War II, suburbs began to rapidly spring up on the outskirts of Tunis. These form a large percentage of the population of the Tunis metropolitan area. It grew from 27% of the total population in 1956, to 37% in 1975 and 50% in 2006.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Climate ===
Tunis has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') bordering a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | title= World Map of Köppen—Geiger Classification| url-status= unfit| website= vu-wien.ac.at | publisher= University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200416044534/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif| archive-date= 2020-04-16| access-date= 2022-07-12}}</ref> characterized by hot and dry, prolonged summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. The local climate is also affected somewhat by the latitude of the city, the moderating influence of the Mediterranean sea, and the terrain of the hills.

Winter is the wettest season of the year, when more than a third of the annual rainfall falls during this period, raining on average every two or three days. The sun may still increase the temperature from {{convert|7|C|F|abbr=on}} in the morning to {{convert|16|C|F|abbr=on}} in the afternoon on average during the winter. Frosts are rare. The lowest temperature of {{convert|-2.0|C|F|abbr=on}} was recorded on 18 January 1979. In spring, rainfall declines by half. The sunshine becomes dominant in May when it reaches 10 hours a day on average. In March temperatures may vary between {{convert|8|and|18|C|F|abbr=on}}, and between {{convert|13|and|24|C|F|abbr=on}} in May. However, it is common for temperatures to soar even as early as April with record temperatures reaching {{convert|40|C|F|abbr=on}}. In summer, rain is almost completely absent and the sunlight is at a maximum.

The average temperatures in the summer months of June, July, August, and September are very high. Sea breezes may mitigate the heat, but sometimes the [[sirocco]] winds reverse the trend. Occasional thunderstorms in the afternoon can develop quickly, especially after the periods of extremely hot weather. They usually do not produce precipitation (see [[dry thunderstorm]]), but may be accompanied by a brief shower. The highest temperature of {{convert|49.0|C|F|abbr=on}} was recorded at Tunis-Carthage International Airport on July 24, 2023. In autumn, it begins to rain, often with short thunderstorms, which can sometimes cause flash floods or even flood some parts of the city.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?opt=15&categ=1&news=57211 |first= Imen | last= Haouari| title= Pluies torrentielles sur la capitale | work= La Presse de Tunisie, lapresse.tn| publisher= | language= fr| date= 25 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?opt=15&categ=1&news=58252 |first= Mongi |last= Gharbi| title= Trombes d'eau sur Tunis et certains gouvernorats du pays | work= [[La Presse de Tunisie]], lapresse.tn| date= 14 October 2007| language= fr| publisher= }}</ref>  The month of November marks a break in the general heat with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|11|to|20|C|F|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Tunis ([[Tunis–Carthage International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1943—present
|metric first = yes
|width=auto
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 25.6
|Feb record high C = 28.7
|Mar record high C = 36.5
|Apr record high C = 33.1
|May record high C = 41.4
|Jun record high C = 47.0
|Jul record high C = 49.0
|Aug record high C = 49.0
|Sep record high C = 44.4
|Oct record high C = 40.0
|Nov record high C = 34.5
|Dec record high C = 29.6
|year record high C = 49.0
|Jan high C = 16.4
|Feb high C = 16.8
|Mar high C = 19.4
|Apr high C = 22.3
|May high C = 26.5
|Jun high C = 31.0
|Jul high C = 34.0
|Aug high C = 34.5
|Sep high C = 30.5
|Oct high C = 26.7
|Nov high C = 21.5
|Dec high C = 17.6
|year high C = 24.8
|Jan mean C = 12.3
|Feb mean C = 12.5
|Mar mean C = 14.6
|Apr mean C = 17.2
|May mean C = 21.0
|Jun mean C = 25.1
|Jul mean C = 28.1
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 22.0
|Nov mean C = 17.2
|Dec mean C = 13.5
|year mean C = 19.8
|Jan low C = 8.2
|Feb low C = 8.1
|Mar low C = 9.8
|Apr low C = 12.1
|May low C = 15.4
|Jun low C = 19.3
|Jul low C = 22.1
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 20.7
|Oct low C = 17.3
|Nov low C = 12.8
|Dec low C = 9.4
|year low C = 14.8
|Jan record low C = -5.3
|Feb record low C = -2.6
|Mar record low C = 0.0
|Apr record low C = 1.7
|May record low C = 5.2
|Jun record low C = 10.6
|Jul record low C = 13.0
|Aug record low C = 11.7
|Sep record low C = 10.9
|Oct record low C = 5.6
|Nov record low C = -1.1
|Dec record low C = -0.1
|year record low C = -5.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 45.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 37.9
|May precipitation mm = 22.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 12.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 4.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 14.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 68.1
|year precipitation mm = 485.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 6.3
|Apr precipitation days = 5.7
|May precipitation days = 3.7
|Jun precipitation days = 1.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.5
|Aug precipitation days = 1.7
|Sep precipitation days = 5.0
|Oct precipitation days = 5.8
|Nov precipitation days = 6.8
|Dec precipitation days = 8.3
|year precipitation days = 61.5
|Jan humidity = 76
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 73
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 62
|Aug humidity = 64
|Sep humidity = 68
|Oct humidity = 72
|Nov humidity = 74
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 70
|Jan sun = 164.1
|Feb sun = 176.8
|Mar sun = 220.0
|Apr sun = 235.8
|May sun = 291.4
|Jun sun = 317.3
|Jul sun = 354.6
|Aug sun = 327.3
|Sep sun = 250.7
|Oct sun = 220.7
|Nov sun = 175.2
|Dec sun = 157.8
|year sun = 
|Jand sun = 4.7
|Febd sun = 5.7
|Mard sun = 6.4
|Aprd sun = 7.5
|Mayd sun = 9.1
|Jund sun = 10.3
|Juld sun = 11.5
|Augd sun = 10.6
|Sepd sun = 8.6
|Octd sun = 7.0
|Novd sun = 5.8
|Decd sun = 4.8
|yeard sun = 7.7
|source 1 =Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity 1961-1990, sun 1981–2010)<ref name=IMN1>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt
| archive-date = 19 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f
| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMN2>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3
| title = Données normales climatiques 1961-1990
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNextremes>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30
| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Le Kef is 23232111.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=fr |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNclimate>{{cite web | url = https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques | title = Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie | publisher = Ministère du Transport | language = fr | access-date = 26 December 2019}}</ref>}} 
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity/daily sun 1961–1990),<ref name = "Tunis-Carthage Climate Normals 1961–1990">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/TS/60715.TXT
| title = Tunis-Carthage Climate Normals 1961–1990
| website = ncei.noaa.gov
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 September 2018}}</ref><ref name = "Climate Normals 1991-2020">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/TunisCarthage_60715.csv
| title = Climate Normals 1991-2020
| website = NOAA.gov
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 September 2018}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-627-Tunis.php
| title = Station Tunis 
| publisher = Météo Climat 
| language = fr 
| access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}